AP Lab Exam 2

What is a condyle? Give examples where it can be found.

Rounded articular projection - femur, tibia, mandible

What is a crest? Give an example where it can be found.

Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent - pubic bone, vertebrae, illiac, fibula

What is a facet? Give examples where it can be found.

Nearly flat articular smooth surface - ribs

What is a fissure? Give an example of where it can be found.

Narrow, slit-like opening - sphenoid bone (inferior orbital fissure)

What is a foramen? Give examples of where it can be found.

Round or oval opening through a bone - sphenoid bone, mandible, ethmoid

What is a fossa? Give examples of where it can be found.

Shallow depression in a bone - anterior/posterior cranial fossa

What is a groove? Give an example of where it can be found.

Furrow - humerus

What is a head (bone marking)? Give an example where it can be found.

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck - ribs

What is a line (bone marking)? Give examples of where it can be found.

Narrow ridge of bone that is less prominent than crest - parietal bone of skull (temporal lines)

What is a meatus? Give examples where it can be found.

Canal-like passageway - temporal bone (external acoustic meatus)

What is a notch? Give examples of where it can be found.

Indentation at edge of structure - ulna, radius, sternum, mandible

What is a process? Give examples where it can be found.

Any bony prominence - mastoid/styloid process

What is a ramus? Gives examples of where it is found.

Arm-like bar of bone - mandible, pelvis

What is a sinus? Give an example of where it is found.

A bone cavity filled with air and lined with a mucous membrane - ethmoid/sphenoid sinus

What is a spine? Give examples of where it is found.

Sharp, slender, often projected projection - vertebrae

What is a trochanter? Give an example of where it is found.

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process - femur

What is a tubercle? Give examples of where it is found.

Small rounded process - humerus, femur, public, clavicle

What is a tuberosity? Give examples of where it is found.

Large rounded projection - ischial/radial tuberosity

What is an epicondyle? Give examples of where it is found.

Raised area or above a condyle - humerus, femur

What are adhesions?

Fibrous bands that form between the surfaces where bones meet

What is mastoiditis?

Infection of the mastoid process

What is sinusitis?

Inflammation of sinuses

______ is literally “water on the knee” due to hard blow to knee/damage/inflammation of bursae

Bursitis

_____ is an inflammation of the meninges due to infection

Meningitis

A ______ is the excessive stretching or treating away of ligaments reinforcing a joint from their bony attachment

Sprain

A _______ is the forcing of a bone from its normal position, usually with respect to an articulation point/synovial joint

Dislocation

A ______ is any extraneous bone growth along the edges of a joint

Osteophyte

An abnormally thin epiphyseal plate indicates ______

Growth retardation

Give an example of growth retardation/problems with long bone growth, which is seen by using an x-ray.

Pituitary dwarfism

In a _______, the nucleus pulposus herniates through the annulus portion compressing adjacent nerves

Ruptured discs/slipped intervertebral disc

What irregularity in spinal curvature characterizes kyphosis?

Abnormal/excessive thoracic curvature

What irregularity in spinal curvature characterizes lordosis?

Abnormal/excessive lumbar curvature

What irregularity in spinal curvature characterizes scoliosis?

Abnormal/excessive lateral curvature

What is the cause of sinusitis?

Bacterial invasion of sinus cavity or allergy

________ is a gradual loss of bone mass that results in weak bones

Osteoporosis

A chronic dietary deficiency in the mineral _____ contributes to the cause of osteoporosis

Calcium

A decrease in the hormone ______ contributes to osteoporosis

Estrogen

A deficiency in vitamin ______ contributes to osteoporosis

Vitamin D

An abnormally brittle and pitted trabeculae in spongy bone can accompany which disease?

Osteoporosis

Chronic _____ abuse can affect the risk of developing osteoporosis

Alcohol

Define osteoporosis.

Gradual loss of bone mass that results in weak bone

In what age group is osteoporosis most prevalent?

Elderly/senior

In what sex and age group is osteoporosis most prevalent?

Menopausal female

Name a chronic illness that may contribute to the development of osteoporosis.

Anemia, anorexia, leukemia, lymphoma, cancer

Taking which drugs may cause osteoporosis?

Antacids, laxatives, cortisone

What is one natural cause of osteoporosis?

Aging

What type of exercise is recommended to decrease bone loss and promote bone growth?

Weight training/load bearing exercise

Describe the fracture.

Comminuted fracture - shatters the affected area into multitude of bony fragments

Describe the fracture.

Colles’ fracture - break in distal portion of radius

Describe the fracture.

Spiral fracture - produced by twisting stresses that spread along length of bone - tibia

Describe the fracture.

Displaced fracture - produces new and abnormal bone arrangements - ulna

Describe the fracture.

Transverse fracture - breaks a shaft bone across its long axis - ulna

Describe the fracture.

Compression fracture - occurs in vertebrae subjected to extreme stresses

Describe the fracture.

Epiphyseal fracture - occurs where bone matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying - femur

Describe the fracture.

Greenstick fracture - only one side of shaft is broken and other side is bent - radius

What is abduction?

Movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of body

What is adduction?

Movement of a limb TOWARDS midline of body

What are adhesions?

Fibrous bands that form between the surfaces where bones meet

_____ are slightly moveable joints.

Amphiarthrosis

Give two characteristics of synovial joints.

Ligaments (hold bones of joint together) and bursae (fluid filled sacs)

An ______ is a joint, a place where 2 bones meet

Articulation

Give examples of a ball and socket joint.

Shoulder or hip joint

Give examples of a plane/gliding joint.

Intercarpal joints

Give examples of a hinge joint.

Elbow joint

Give examples of a pivot joint.

Atlas/axis

Give examples of a condyloid/ellipsoidal joint.

Metacarpalphalangeal joints

Give examples of a saddle joint.

Metacarpal/carpal joint

______ joints are held together by a plate or pad of cartilage

Cartilaginous

_____ is the movement of the distal end of a bone in a circle, tracing a cone while the proximal end remains stationary

Circumspection

When a muscle has a _______, its fibers shorten, the inversion moves toward the origin

Contraction

______ are freely movable joints

Diarthorses

______ is a movement of ankle joint in dorsal direction (foot points upward)

Dorsiflexion

A _____ is the forcing of a bone from its normal position, usually with respect to an articulation point/synovial joint

Dislocation

______ is a lateral turning of the sole of the foot

Eversion

______ is a movement that increases the angle of the joint, and increases the distance between 2 bones

Extension

Give an example of a syndesmoses.

Tibia and fibula at the distal joint

_____ joints are joints held together by fibrous tissue, mostly synarthrotic.

Fibrous

_____ is a movement that decreases the angle of the joint reducing the distance between 2 joints

Flexion

____ is an extension greater than 180 degrees.

Hyperextension

Every muscle is attached to bone or connective tissue at two points, the _______ - the stationary, immovable or less movable attachment, and the ______ - the movable attachment

Origin; insertion

_______ is a medial turning of the sole of the foot

Inversion

Give an example of a synchondrosis.

The epiphyseal plates of children

______ is a flexing of the foot downwards

Plantar flexion

______ is the movement of the palm from the anterior/upward position to posterior/downward position, crossing the ulnar and radius

Pronation

Give an example of a symphysis

Pubic symphysis

______ is the movement of a bone around its long axis, without medial or lateral displacement

Rotation

A ______ is the excessive stretching or tearing away of ligaments reinforcing a joint from their bony attachment

Sprain

A ____ is any extraneous bone growth in or along a joint’s edges

Spur

_____ is a movement of the palm from posterior to an anterior position/moves radius and ulna into parallel position

Supination

______ are joints where irregular edges of bones interlock and are connected by short connective tissue fibers

Sutures

In _____ joints the bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage

Symphyses

_____ are immovable joints

Synarthroses

In ______ joints, the bones are connected by HYALINE cartilage

Synchondrosis

In ______ joints the articulating bones are connected by short ligaments of dense connective tissues the bones don’t interlock

Syndesmoses

_______ joints in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid

Synovial

Give an example of a suture joint.

Coronal suture

Give an example of a gomphosis.

Teeth

What is the function of articulations?

Allow for flexibility for gross body movements and to hold bones together

Give an example of a short bone

Carpal bones of wrist

Give an example of a flat bone

Sternum