MIDTERMS PMOC

anti-infectives, anti-fungals, anti-bacterials, antivirals

ANTISEPSIS

application to living tissue for preventing infection

DISINFECTION

chemical or physical treatment that destroys most vegetative microbes or viruses, but not spores, in or on inanimate surfaces.

Decontamination

destruction or marked reduction in the number of activity of microorganisms

SANITATION

reduction of microbial load on an inanimate surface to a level considered acceptable for public health purposes.

Pasteurization

kills non sporulating microorganisms by hot water or steam at 65-100°C

Sterilization

kill or remove all types of microorganisms, including spores, and usually including viruses with an acceptably low probability of survival.

1867

Year where Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic principles.

1881 - 1900

Year where Paul Ehrlich: magic bullet, selective toxicity, Compound606(Salvarsan)theory of selective toxicity

Hg
Ar
Sb

Most successful anti-infective agents:

Sodium Arsenilate + Arsphenamine

Atoxyl Generic Name

1920

What year does Hg Ar and Sb was used as ant infectives?

1950s

Year where sulfonamides, phenolic compounds used.

Low Toxicity
Non Irritating
Non Allergenic

Characteristics of an Anti infectives

The potency increases / The structure become more hydrophobic (lipophilic)

What happens to antibacterial potency as alcohol carbon chain length increases?

Primary Alcohol

Most Potent Isomeric Alcohol

The structure becomes hydrophobic/lipophilic.

What happens when the carbon chain becomes too long?

-OH group

What group should be essential to make the alcohol soluble.

Rectified Spirit
Wine Spirit
Grain Spirit

Other name of Ethanol

Sulfuric acid catalyzed hydration

Ethanol is prepared through

Antiseptic

Ethanol external used

Carminative

Ethanol Internal Use:

Disulfiram blocks Aldehyde Dehydrogenase

How Disulfiram works?

78.2 C

Boiling point of ethanol

68-72% isopropyl

Rubbing alcohol percentage

60% ethanol

Isopropyl alcohol percentage

NLT 99%

Dehydrated alcohol percentage

Isopropyl Alcohol

disinfectant for the skin and for surgical instruments.

1,2,3 propanetriol

Glycerol IUPAC name

Diluted Alcohol

mixture of alcohol and water

41-42%

Diluted alcohol percentage

Glycerol

the first polyhydric alcohol which can yield both an aldose and a ketose,

Azeotropic Isopropyl Alcohol

used on gauze pads for sterilization of the skin prior to hypodermic injections.

Ethylene oxide

used for temperature sensitive medical equipment

Ethylene oxide

forms explosive mixtures in air in concentrations ranging from 3 to 80%

Carboxide

Alternative for Ethylene Oxide non explosive.

10% epoxide
90% CO2

Carboxide contains

Germicidal

anti-infective agents that are used locally

Wood Alcohol
Acetone
Benzene

Denaturants list

Denatured Alcohol
Rubbing Alcohol
Isopropyl Alcohol
Distilled Alcohol
Diluted Alcohol
Glycerol
Ethylene Oxide

Other Alcohol Compounds

Denatured Alcohol

intoxicating beverages unfit for human use.

Ring Opening
Alkylation
Germicidal

How Ethylene Oxide work?

Formaldehyde
Glutaraldehyde

Aldehyde compounds

Formol
Formalin
Methanal

Formaldehyde Other Name

Friedel-Crafts alkylation

an alkyl group to an aromatic ring using an alkyl halide and a Lewis acid catalyst.

Direct, non specific alkylation. binds to nucleophilic compounds to form a carbinol derivatives.

What is the specific chemical mechanism by which formaldehyde acts as a disinfectant?

-SH
-OH
-NH2

Nucleophilic functional groups in proteins and nucleic acids that formaldehyde targets.

Formaldehyde

Use as disinfectant that causes hardening of skin.

NLT 37%

Formaldehyde minimum percentage

Formic Acid

When formaldehyde undergoes oxidation, what chemical species does it turn into?

Paraformaldehyde

What solid product is formed when formaldehyde undergoes polymerization?

Methanol

What substance is added to formaldehyde solutions to act as a stabilizer against polymerization?

Pentanedial

Glutaraledhyde AKA

Glutarol

Cidex GN

Glutaraldehyde

disinfectant superior to formaldehyde

Glutaraldehyde

solution for sterilization of equipment and instruments that cannot be autoclaved

30 days 80%

Commercial Glutaraldehyde shelf life and potency

pH 7.5 - 8

2% commercial glutaraldehyde must be buffer at..

Carbolic Acid

old name of C6H5OH

It precipitates the cell wall of the bacteria. (protein precipitation)

MOA of Phenol

Phenol

local anesthetic but caustic

Phenol

used by Joseph Lister as antiseptic.

By mixing 4% glycerin in caustic wound

Way on how the phenol reduce its caustic effect

0.1-1%

Antipruritic percentage of phenol.

Phenyl (C6H5)
Tolyl (CH3C6H4)
Naphthyl (C10H7)

Example of Aryl group

Aryl Group

Derived from an aromatic ring

Alkyl group

Derived from an alkane

Methyl-CH₃
Ethyl-CH₂CH₃
Propyl-CH₂CH₂CH₃
Isopropyl-CH(CH₃)₂

Example of Alkyl groups

Alkyl
Aryl
Halogens

Putting ____, _____ ,_____ in para position can increase bactericidal activity

Straight Chain Alkyl Group

_____ more effective than branched one.

Thymol and Menthol

Forms eutectic mixture

1:15

Ratio of phenol and water

Liquified Phenol

pure phenol mixed with 10% water.

p-Chlorophenol

camphor in liquid petrolatum

PCMX / Metastep

Chloro -M -Xylenol BN

Chloro-m-xylenol

broad-spectrum antibacterial/antifungal

Eugenol

antiseptic in mouthwashes

Hexachlorphene

antiseptic in low concentrations - gram(+)

2-3%

Percent of hexachlorophene in soaps, detergent creams, lotions, and shampoos

Neurotoxic

Hexachlorophene effect to infants.

Biphenolic compounds

______ such as hexachlorophene, are generally more potent

Cresol

mixture of three isomeric methylphenols

Cresol

inexpensive antiseptic and disinfectant

Chlorocresol

4 chloro 3 methylphenol

Thymol

extracted from oil of thyme

Isopropyl-m-cresol

Thymol other name

m - dihydroxybenzene

Resorcinol other name

Resorcinol (m-dihydroxybenzene)

Keratolytic phenol derivative.

10-25%

percent of resorcinol for eczema psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis

Hexylresorcinol

antiseptic and mild anesthetic (throat lozenges)

Hexylresorcinol

phenol coefficient of hexylresorcinol against S. aureus is 98

Effective against anaerobic bacteria
Creates bubbles
Use for contaminated wound
Poor Permeability

Oxidizing Agent Characteristics

Use to liberate oxygen

Oxidizing agent MOA

Hydrogen Peroxide

prone to enzyme destruction before it reaches organisms in wounds.

Gly-Oxide

Carbamide Peroxide BN

Carbamide Peroxide

a stable complex of urea and hydrogen peroxide

12.6%

Commercial Carbamide Peroxide percentage

Liberation of Hydrogen Peroxide

anhydrous glycerin + water = ??

Carbamide Peroxide

effective in the treatment of oral ulcerations or in dental care.

Benzoyl Peorxide

chemically unstable keratolytic agent and keratogenic substance for acne.

MOA of Benzoyl Peroxide

induces proliferation of epithelial cells, leading to sloughing and repair