Chapter 19 - The Transatlantic Slave Trade

Bramble- did not send out Flashcards until Oct. 26th at 2:30... PM! Aka. Pd. 9 gets 4 whole nights to study, and I get 4 whole nights to make Flashcards. How great.

Rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land

Plantocracy

A privileged male slave whose job it was to ensure a slave gang did its work

Driver

An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas.

Seasoning

Goods whose importation, distribution or possession is illegal.

contraband

Merchant ships that are accompanied by warships for protection.

convoy

A rapid increase of rise, especially in the seriousness of something or a situation.

escalation

Carefully designed or planned to serve a particular purpose or advantage.

strategic

To bind someone to labor or service by contract or agreement

indenture

Showing or having an insensitive and cruel disregard for others.

callous

Any person or other entity (mutual fund) who commits capital with an expectation of receiving a financial return.

investor

A written grant by a country, by which a trade company or settlement is founded in which rights and privileges are outlined or defined.

charter

To refuse to obey the orders of people in authority; an open rebellion against authority.

mutiny

a person who has been forced to leave their homeland or country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

refugee

Englissh Ship which arrived in 1694 at the West African port of Whydah

Hannibal

Port at which the Hannibal arrived

Whydah

The Hannibal purchased 692 slaves, of whomn about a third were ___

women

The Hannibal traveled to ___

Barbados

The African slave trade was a sure-fire money maker for Europeans. True or False

False.

Initial crop farmed by the Spanish in the West Indies shortly after 1500

Sugarcane

Crop which the Engblish hoped to farm in the West Indies

Tobacco

English King opposed to Tobacco

James I

By the 1630s and 1640s, the West Indies colonies of England/France faced stiff competition from ___ tobacco (which also used indetured servitude), causing them to switch to farming ___ and using ___ for labor.

Virginia, sugarcane, African Slaves

Portuguese sugar plantations were intially ___ along the West ___ coast.

islands, African

By 1600, ___ was the Atlantic world’s greatest sugar producer.

Brazil

The ___ participated in the Brazilian sugar business in an important manner as investors, merchants, and processors.

Dutch

In 1624, the Dutch attacked the port of ___ in Brazil (numerous historical reasons for this, mostly bc. Philip II got the Portuguese throne and didnt like the dutch because dutch war of independence / 80 years war so yk)

Salvador

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants trade in the Americas and Africa

Dutch West India Company

Portuguese ports in Africa taken by the Dutch

Elmina, Luanda

French colonies in the Caribbean

Guadeloupe, Martinique

By 1700, ____, the best example of the impact of sugarcane in the Carribbean, and other West Indian colonies had collectively surpassed Brazil as the world’s princiapl source of sugar.

Barbados

There was no environmental cost to sugarcane farming. True or False

False

North America imported ten times more slaves than the Caribbean region between 1640 and 1807. Change the bolded/underlined word to make this statement true.

less

Cash short tobbacco planters in the seventeenth century preferred:

A) Enslaved Africans to Indentured Europeans because they cost less

B) Indentured Europeans to slaves because they cost more

C) Enslaved Native Americans to indetured Europeans or Enslaved Africans because they were already there and cost less

D) Indentured Europeans to African slaves because they cost half as much

D

Why did Indentured Europeans come to prefer the North American colonies to West Indies colonies for indetured servitude?

Rising Land Prices

In 1655, the English seized ___ from the Spanish

Jamaica

The French seized the western half of ____ in the 1670s.

Hispaniola

Two most important English sugar colonies

Jamaica and Barbados

Places were sugarcane was crushed and juice was extracted.

Mills

After mills, cane juice wwas put in large copper ___ where excess water was boiled off, leaving thick ___.

kettles, syrup

As syrup dried in conical clay molds, it turned to ___ sugar.

crystallized

Term describing the economics of the sugar mills, describing those were the more efficient, large scale producers had lower costs and greater profits allowing them to drive many small scale farmers out of business.

economies of scale

The Spanish brought no new animals to the west indies and these new animals did not multiply rapidly. True or False.

False

On most (West Indies) islands, ___ percent or more of the inhabitants were slaves.

90

On a typical Jamaican plantation about 80 percent of the slaves were actively engaged in productive tasks; the only exceptions were ___, the seriously ___, and the very ___.

infants, ill, old

You should study this table! I had no idea how to make flashcards on this that were not incredibly annoying, but there may be some question about division of labor or what gender a certain worker would likely be. Yes, or no?

Yes

Group composed of children under the supervision of an eldery slave that weeded and did other simple work.

Grass Gang

Group made up of the strongest slave in their prime of life, who did the heaviest work.

Great gang

The slave trade imported ___ as many males as females

twice

There was a high rate of natural population increase among slaves. True or False

False

Pregnant slaves were exempt from labor. True or False

False

In Jamaica in 1760, for example, a slave named ____, who had been a chief on the Gold Coast of Africa, led a large rebellion

Tacky

European planters believed that the more recent arrivals from Africa with more African culture were more likely to rebel. True or False

True

Modern African-derived religion in Brazil which syncretizes Christianity and African traditions.

candomble

African derived religion founded in Haiti

Vodou

In the British West Indies, only ____ enforced Chrstianity among their slaves before 1800.

Quakers

Jamaican African Religious practice

Obeah

Highest class in the society of Saint Domingue

grands blancs

Second highest class in Saint Domingue

petits blancs

Were the plantocracy more powerful in British or French colonies? (Answer with either British or French)

British

The largest expense for running a plantation in Jamaica was the purchase of ____

slaves

Manumission was more common in the ___ than in North American colonies like South Carolina.

Caribbean

English planters were able to gain political power and even secure election to the British Parliament. True or False

True

Jamaican maroons led by Captain _____, after withstanding several attacks by the colony’s militia, signed a treaty in 1738 that recognized their independence and freedom in return for their cooperation in stopping new runaways and suppressing slave revolts.

Cudjoe

The growth of the Atlantic economy played an important role in the development of modern ____.

capitalism

Monopoly control proved both ___ and ____.

expensive, inefficient

The economic system of large financial institutions—banks, stock exchanges, investment companies—that first devel oped in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy, is often distinguished from industrial capitalism, the system based on machine production.

Capitalism

Chief among the institutional innovations of Capitalism were private banks, joint-stock companies, speculative markets in commodities and shares, and commercial insurance. True or False

True

In 1602 the Netherlands gave the Dutch East India Company a monopoly over trade in the ____Ocean.

Indian

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants’ trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa

Royal African Company

Louis XIV’s finance minister who charatered the French East India company and French West India Company to expel Dutch and English traders from French colonies.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

Headquarters of the RAC, just east of Elmina

Cape Coast Castle

French mercantalist legislation

Exclusif

The network of trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay the Atlantic system.

Atlantic Circuit

The Dutch differed from the French, English, Portuguese, and Spanish because they relied upon ____ trade rather than the ___ circuit

Asian, Atlantic

On the first leg, from Europe to Africa, traders carried European manufactured goods like metals, hardware, and ___, as well as ___ textiles.

guns, cotton

On the second leg, from Africa to the Americas, the major good carried was ____.

slaves

On their third leg, ____ goods returned to europe.

plantation

The North American trade where New England sent rum to west africa (And sometimes Europe), slaves to the west indies, and molasses and rum back to New England

Triangular Trade

Europeans of modest means spooned ____ into popular new beverages imported from overseas—tea, coffee, and chocolate—to overcome the beverages’ natural bitterness

sugar

English cities which slave traders operated out of

Liverpool and Bristol

French cities which slave traders operated out of

Nantes and Bordeaux

Which region imported the most slaves?
A) Brazil

B) East Asia

C) India

D) North America

A

West African country + the region where many slaves came to Brazil from

Angola, Gold Coast

Term for the journey from Africa to the Americas endured by slaves

Middle Passage

On slave ships, ____ spread by contaminated food and water caused many deaths. Other slaves died of contagious diseases such as ___ carried on board by infected slaves or by crew members.

Dysentry, smallpox

European sailers and seamen were very nice to slaves on the slave ships. No force feeding or other travesties occurred and the slaves had ample room, meaning many normal seamen were willing to do it and cruel officers were few and far between. True or False

False

As the African slave trade mushroomed after 1650…

A) African kings and merchants sold slaves at many coastal sites, but African states maintained their independence

B) African kings and merchants sold slaves at many coastal sites but were unable to maintain their independence

C) African kings and merchants did not sell slaves at many coastal sites and were unable to maintain their independence

D) African kings and merchants did not sell slaves at many coastal sites and maintained their independence

A

Import trade goods from Africa (one of these is problematic to call a good…)

slaves, ivory, gold, lumber

African merchants were very discriminating about merchandise they took in exchange for slaves or other goods. True or False

True

Goods in high demand / welcome in Africa (sold by European merchants → Africans)

Textiles, hardware, guns, rum, tobacco

The European nations worked together so that Africans had less bargaining power and could not shop for deals among different nations. True or False

False

In 1700 the head of the Dutch East India Company in West Africa, ___, bemoaned the fact that, to stay competitive against other European traders, his company had to include large quantities of muskets and gunpowder in the goods it exchanged, thereby adding to Africans’ military power.

Willem Bosman

In 1727, ____, strengthened militarily by firearms acquired in the slave trade, annexed Whydah.

Dahomey

Two other regional powers, the kingdoms of ____ and ____, also participated in the Atlantic trade, but neither kingdom was as dependent on it as Dahomey

Oyo, Asante

Oyo and Asante were/were not wholly dependent on trade and were weakened/strengthened by it.

were not, strengthened

_____ were the most common source of slaves sold to Europeans by Africans

Prisoners of war

a bend in a coast forming an open bay

bight

In the eighteenth century the slave trade expanded eastword to the ____

Bight of Biafra

The Bight of Biafra contained no regionally dominant ____, unlike the Gold and Slave Coasts where htey were strong ___.

polities, kingdoms

The greatest source of slaves for the Atlantic trade was the Congo estuary at ____

Angola