exam 2 studies & experiments

Jones & Harris (1960s)

Assigned essay study - readers assumed an essay writer truly held the pro or anti Castro view even when told the position was assigned - first demonstration of the fundamental attribution error

Ross et al. (1970s)

Quiz game study - observers rated question writers as smarter than contestants and missed the advantage of writing your own questions - fundamental attribution error

Chen et al. (2006)

Culture and "if only" thoughts study - additive counterfactuals (regrets of inaction) outnumbered subtractive ones in both countries and Chinese students had more subtractive counterfactuals especially about schoolwork and family - counterfactual thinking

Levin & Gaeth (1980s)

Lean vs. fat beef study - "75% lean" was rated better than "25% fat" - positive vs. negative framing

Higgins et al. (1970s)

Adventurous vs. reckless Donald study - people primed with positive or negative trait words judged ambiguous Donald to match the prime - schemas affect construal (priming)

Nosek Greenwald & Banaji (2000s)

Age IAT - faster responses for old + bad than old + good revealed an implicit preference for young over old - Implicit Association Test

LaPiere (1930s)

Road trip and restaurant survey study - a Chinese couple was refused service at only 1 of about 250 places but about 90% later said they would refuse - attitudes poorly predict behavior

Festinger & Carlsmith

Paid to lie study ($1 vs. $20) - people paid $1 to call a boring task fun later liked it more because $1 was insufficient justification - induced compliance and cognitive dissonance

Zanna & Cooper (1970s)

Fake pill study - people told a pill would make them tense blamed it for their arousal and didn't change their attitude while the "relaxed" pill group changed most - arousal is real and its interpretation matters

Wells & Petty (1980s)

Head nodding study - people who nodded while hearing editorials agreed more than people who shook their heads - embodied cognition and self-perception

Petty Cacioppo & Goldman (1980s)

Senior comprehensive exam study - with high personal relevance argument strength persuaded and with low relevance source expertise persuaded - elaboration likelihood model

McAlister & Bargh (2016)

Kids and cereal ads study - children 3 to 6 who cared were swayed by argument strength and unexpectedly by attractiveness too and kids liked advertised products overall - ELM in children

Wells et al. (1980s)

Confident eyewitness study - jurors judged eyewitness credibility by how confident the witness seemed - source certainty

Leventhal et al. (1960s)

Lung cancer film study - a scary surgery film plus a how-to-quit pamphlet cut smoking the most - fear appeals work best with concrete instructions