Applied Psych Midterm

in critical thinking, seperate the results from the ________

interpretations

what is the stroop effect?

The delay in reaction time when the brain witnesses conflicting information

does practice reduce stroop effect?

Yes but still not as fast as when the colour matches the word

what is the time difference in stroop effect congruent vs uncongruent word?

8 seconds

what is the application of the stroop effect?

can be used in marketing- to make people associate words with meaning or to see the strength of word- meaning associations

what are the three main theories of the stroop effect?

1. Speed of processing theory

2. Selective Attention theory

3. Automatic word recognition hypothesis

what does the speed of processing theory state

• It's easier for your brain to read words than to state the colour of something like a square

what does the selective processing theory state?

• Processing and naming colours require a lot more attention than reading words

what does the automatic word recognition hypothesis state?

People just read words automatically, it is a function that is impossible to turn off

what is the most recognized theory for the stroop effect?

automatic word recognition hypothesis

regarding critical thinking, who came up with the first rule for it?

Glaser

when did Glaser come up with his rule for critical thinking?

1941

what is Glasers rule for critical thinking?

• believed in a thoughtful mindset where life’s everyday challenges are faced with a careful, open mind

regarding critical thinking, who came up with the second rule?

Allegrati and Fredrick

when did Allegrati and Fredrick come up with their rule for critical thinking?

1995

what is allegrati and Fredricks rule for critical thinking?

• solving problems and understanding people’s arguments

regarding critical thinking, what who came up with the third and most recent rule?

Thomson

what year did thomson come up with his rule for critical thinking

2009

what is Thomsons rule for critical thinking state?

•  knowing how to spot and double-check other people’s reasons so you can formulate your own opinion

what are the three steps to critical thinking?

1. Analyze

2. Evaluate

3. Infer

what does one do in the analyze step in critical thinking?

• Separate facts from arguments 

• Identify and examine statements/questions/reasons/experiences/etc

what does one do in the evaluate step of critical thinking

• Check statement credibility/what info is needed to assess credibility 

• Is the premise of an argument logically acceptable (i.e. “people walking in wet” doesn’t necessarily mean it was raining)

what does one do in the infer step of critical thinking?

• Draw reasonable conclusions using logic 

• Coming up with alternatives to solving problems/answering questions/achieving a goal 

• “query evidence

what is query evidence?

• recognizing where evidence is still needed and formulating a plan to retrieve it

what are the steps in scientific method?

1. Observe 

2. Formulate hypothesis 

3. Test hypothesis 

4. Collect data 

5. Draw conclusion

in the research, “how do words impact the perception of time” which two words are used to test this?

Possible and Certain

in the research, “how do words impact the perception of time” what three conditions were the students given?

Range, Duration and Acheivement

what question was asked for students in the Range condition?

I will spend a minimum of ____ and maximum of ____

what question was asked for students in the Duration Condition?

it is possible/certain I will spend _____

what question was asked for students in the Acheivment Condition?

It is possible/certain I will do this task in __

for the duration question, was the word possible or certain associated with higher time answers?

possible

for the achivement question, was the word possible or certain associated with higher time answers?

certain

what does the“how do words impact the perception of time” show?

choice of words and context matters

what are applications of the research, “how do words impact the perception of time”

• When will your package arrive…?

• How long will your project take…?

what was the hypothesis in the research “How does word length impact recall”

• Memory is better for short words

• Auditory word length impacts memory, not visual

what was the method in testing how word length impacts recall?

participants given list of 8 monosyllabic words and 8 five-syllabic words in 5 list lengths 4,5,6,7,8 (number of words in list)

how many sylables did people recall best with

one syllable words

the lists with _ words were recalled best

4

what was the point/main message word length recall research?

the importance of keeping setences short and use monosyllabic words (simple)

what are modifiers?

words that describe, emphasize, or add detail to other words

should modifiers be added or removed for clear writing

removed

for clear and concise writing, turn phrases into _____

words

what are expletives

words that don’t add meaning to the sentence and just give structure

in clear and concise writing, should expletives be added or avoided?

avoided

what is active voice?

straight to the point: subject, verb, object

what is passive voice?

longer and wordier, slower to get to the point (object, verb, subject)

in clear and concise wiritng, should one use active or passive voice?

active

for clear and concise writing, use ____ insetad of nouns.

verbs

what is the process of turning verbs into nounts

nominalization

if a word becomes nomalized, what ending does it usually have?

ion, ity, izing, ment, ance

for clear and concise writing, should “this” or “which” be used ? Why?

which should be used because it is not restricitve unlike “this”

which word is talking about distance: further or farther?

farther

which word is talking about time: further or farther?

further

what are the three steps of critical thinking?

1. evidence

2. self reflection

3. communication

in the research, The Serial Position of Free Recall, what was the method?

• Have participants learn a list of words (lists vary from 10-40 words), then ask participants to recall words from memory

what were the results of the research The Serial Position of Free Recall

Regardless of how long the lists of words were, participants remembered the first and last better

what is it called to best remember the first words of sentence

primacy bias

what is it called to best remember the last words in sentence?

recency bias

what is bottom -up processing?

putting small pieces together to form the whole picture

what is top-down processing?

 using context, experiences, and expectations to fill missing details

what is orthography?

• spelling system of language

what is phonology?

speech sounds of each letter

what is lexicon?

personal dictionary

what is a grapheme?

smallest functional unit of a writing system—typically a letter or group of letters—that represents a single sound

what is acousic analysis?

bottom up processing when you break up the sounds

what is orthographic analysis?

bottom up processing when you are breaking down the word (sounding out)

what is the Grapheme-phoneme rule system

how symbols look visually

what is the Semantic system

cognitive system just for coding

reading a known long word vs a known short word, which will take less time?

they will take same time to read

reading a known long word/short word and a made-up long word, what will take longer to read?

made up long word

what is a Pseudohomophonic word

not a real word but close to a real word

in the “modelling phonological dyslexia” research, did top-down or bottom-up processing up dyslexic patients, why?

top-down because of the recognition of the whole word (even if they can't make out all the letters)

in the “modelling phonological dyslexia” research, the more distant, the _______ it is for patients to recognize

the more distant (from a real word), the harder it is for patients to recognize

why can we not say “prove”?

Results suggest that a model describes something, but we can’t say we have proven anything because we haven’t eliminated all other possibilities of other explanations and never can

what is phonogical awarness?

being able to recognize and work with the sounds in spoken language, such as rhyming words, syllables, and individual sounds

what is termed the number one predictor of reading ability?

phonological awareness

The majority of 3-year-olds and all 4 & 5-year-olds can pick out the first letter of their name due to ________

familiarity/exposure/relavance

Children learn the NAMES of letters faster than the _______ the letter makes

Sounds

who are Irene Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell

advocated for guided reading and created the Leveled Literacy Intervention (LLI)

what are the three stages of reading that Irene Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell measured?

Before reading- Students begin thinking about the text and prepare to understand its meaning.

During reading- Students attend to the meaning of the text as they read.

After reading- Students discuss their thoughts and deepen their understanding through conversation.

what is the Leveled Literacy Intervention (LLI)

a supplementary intervention intended to improve the literacy achievement of students who struggle with grade-level reading

what is the issue with the Leveled Literacy Intervention (LLI)

A program being marketed as effective does not necessarily establish that it is effective.

how did Irene Fountas and Gay Su Pinnell measure Reading Proficiency in LLI?

decoding, comprehension and fluency

what is decoding in reading proficiency?

 recognizing written words and translating written symbols into spoken language

what is comprehension in reading profiency?

understanding the meaning of what is being read

what is fluency in reading profiency?

reading accurately and smoothly

why is decoding alone insufficient??

 children can become accurate at reading words while still not knowing the meaing.

what is “thinking within text”?

Searching for information, summarizing, maintaining fluency, adjusting, solving words, monitoring and correcting

what is “thinking beyond text”?

Predicting, making connections, inferring, synthesizing

what is “thinking about text”

Analyzing and critiquing

what is the F&P Text Level Gradient?

in Fountas and Pinnell LLI, which organizes books into lettered levels of increasing difficulty.

what are the core purposes of the F and P Text Level Gradient?

• Assess children's current reading abilities.

• Select texts at an appropriate level.

• Monitor students' reading development.

• Adjust instruction as students progress.

what were some of the concerns regarding credibility Fountas and Pinnell’s work?

7/10 references published by Heineman (financial conflict of interest) and 3/10 are not peer reviewed

does peer reviewed mean that the research is correct?

not 100% correct

when was the LLI tested for efficacy?

2009-2010

what organization was the LLI tested by?

 Center for Research in Educational Policy (CREP) and university of memphis

what organization funded the testing of the LLI

heinman publishing

what was the main research question of testing of the LLI

Does participation in the LLI program improve children's reading achievement?

what was the study design to test the LLI?

1. Five elementary schools participated.

2. Students were randomly selected to receive LLI in the first semester or to enter a control group.

3. The treatment group received LLI during the first semester.

4. The control group received LLI in the second semester, after the evaluation period.

5. Researchers compared students' reading progress.

what was the independant variable in the testing of the LLI?

Receiving LLI during the first semester