[PF2] EXCRETORY pt 1

Consists of the paired kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra.

Urinary System

Primary role is to ensure optimal properties of the blood

Urinary System

An enzyme/protein important for the regulation of blood pressure

Renin

A hormone responsible for the production of erythrocytes (RBCs)

Erythropoietin

Kidney is responsible for, especially during starvation or prolonged fasting states

Gluconeogenesis

Kidney converts vitamin D to ___

Form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or calcitriol

Kidney has secretion of _, stimulating RBC production in red marrow

Erythropoietin

Kidney has excretion of _ substances (e.g. drugs)

Bioactive

What shape is kidney

Bean-shaped

What is the name of the structure with a thick outer cortex, surrounding a medulla divided into 8-12 renal pyramids?

Kidney

What do the renal pyramids comprise when considered together with the outer cortex?

Renal Lobe

What structure's apical papilla inserts into a minor calyx?

Renal Pyramid

What is a subdivision of two or three major calyces that extends from the renal pelvis?

Minor Calyx

What structure carries urine from the renal pelvis?

Ureter

What structure exits the renal hilum, where the renal artery and vein are also located?

Ureter

Outer layer of the kidney

Renal Cortex

Inner layer of the kidney

Renal Medulla

The renal cortex surrounds the renal____

Medulla

The renal medulla is divided into renal____

Pyramids

The delineation that divides the renal cortex and renal medulla

Corticomedullary Junction

Where does the apex (pointed part) of the renal pyramid insert?

Minor Calyces

What do minor calyces merge to form?

Major Calyces

What do major calyces merge to form?

Renal Pelvis

Where do the contents of the renal pelvis exit?

Ureter

What is the functional unit of the kidneys?

Nephron

How many nephrons are there in each kidney?

4-5 million

What is the first major division of the nephron?

Renal Corpuscle

What does the renal corpuscle contain?

Glomerulus

Where is the renal corpuscle located?

Cortex

What is the second major division of the nephron?

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Why is the proximal convoluted tubule called "proximal"?

It is close to the renal corpuscle

Where is the proximal convoluted tubule located?

Cortex

What is the third major division of the nephron?

Loop of Henle

Where is the Loop of Henle located?

Medulla

What are the parts of the Loop of Henle?

Thin Descending Limb, Thin Ascending Limb, Thick Ascending Limb

What is the fourth major division of the nephron?

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Where does the distal convoluted tubule return to?

Cortex

What is the final component of the nephron?

Collecting Ducts

Where are nephron components located?

Both in the cortex and in the medulla

Function of water and solutes in the blood leaving the vascular space and entering the lumen of the nephron?

Filtration

Function of substances moving from the tubular lumen across the epithelium into the interstitium and surrounding capillaries?

Tubular Reabsorption

Function of substances moving from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumens, usually after uptake from the surrounding interstitium and capillaries?

Tubular Secretion

Function of filtrate receiving various secreted molecules and then entering the minor calyces as urine?

Excretion

Comprises of glomerulus, a tuft of blood capillaries, surrounded by a double-walled epithelial capsule called the Bowman’s capsule

Renal Corpuscle

The glomerulus is a collection of ___

Capillary loops

A double-walled capsule that surrounds the glomerulus

Bowman’s Capsule

What layer is attached directly to the organ (glomerulus or blood vessel)?

Visceral Layer

What layer is located in the outer wall or lining of the Bowman's capsule?

Parietal Layer

What type of epithelium is found in the parietal layer?

Simple Squamous Epithelium

What structure in the histology slide shows yellow branching in the visceral layer?

Visceral Layer

What layer is composed of flat cells in histology slides?

Parietal Layer

This is where filtrate (fluid) collects after filtration.

Bowman’s Space

The space between the glomerulus and the Bowman’s capsule

Bowman’s Space

What layer closely envelops the glomerular capillaries?

Visceral Layer

What layer forms the surface of the Bowman's capsule?

Parietal Layer

What type of epithelium is found in the outer parietal layer?

Simple Squamous Epithelium

What is the location where the afferent arteriole enters and the efferent arteriole leaves?

Vascular Pole

What is the location where the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) begins?

Tubular Pole

What type of epithelium is found in the tubular pole?

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

What cells form the apparatus for renal filtration?

Podocytes

What are the branching structures from podocytes called?

Pedicels

What are the spaces between the pedicels called?

Filtration Slits

What structures act as bridges of slit pores in the filtration apparatus?

Slit Diaphragms

What is the first layer of the glomerular filtration barrier that blocks blood cells and platelets?

Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium

What is the second layer of the glomerular filtration barrier that restricts large proteins and some organic anions?

Glomerular Basement Membrane (GBM)

What is the third layer of the glomerular filtration barrier that restricts some small proteins and organic anions?

Filtration Slit Diaphragms

What forms the glomerular filtration barrier?

Fusion of the basal laminae of a podocyte and a capillary endothelial cell

What type of capillary endothelium has holes (fenestrations) that block blood cells and platelets?

Fenestrated Capillary Endothelium

What restricts large proteins and some organic anions in the glomerulus?

Glomerular Basement Membrane

What is located between the interdigitating pedicels of podocytes and restricts some small proteins and organic anions?

Filtration Slit Diaphragms

Tissue macrophage of the kidney

Mesangial Cells

Fills interstices between capillaries that lack podocytes

Mesangium

Have contractile properties and produce components of an external lamina

Mesangial Cells

Mesangial cells together with their surrounding matrix comprise the

Mesangium

Mesangium physical support of ___ within the glomerulus

Capillaries

Mesangium adjusted ___ in response to blood pressure changes

Contractions

Mesangium ___ of protein aggregates

Phagocytosis

Mesangium secretion of several cytokines, prostaglandins, and other factors important for immune defense and repair in the ___

Glomerulus