Lecture 21
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What extra benefit can mycorrhizal fungi provide besides water and minerals?
Some protection from root disease.
Name the four fungal groups highlighted in Lecture 21.
Chytrids, mucoromycetes, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes.
Which fungal group is shown as an early branch with aquatic species?
Chytrids.
What is another name for the fungal group chytrids?
Chytridiomycota.
Which fungal group has flagellated spores?
Chytrids.
In what two environments are chytrids commonly found?
Lakes and moist soil.
Are chytrids typically aquatic or dry-land fungi?
Mostly aquatic.
Which fungal group can cause infectious disease in frogs?
Chytrids.
How are chytrids described evolutionarily on the slide?
Fairly primitive / early-branching fungi.
Which fungal group has round sporangia on long hyphae?
Mucoromycetes.
What is the name of a round sporangium mentioned for mucoromycetes?
Zygosporangium.
Which fungal group includes many molds?
Mucoromycetes.
Can some mucoromycetes cause serious human disease?
Yes.
What does coenocytic mycelium mean?
Many nuclei without separating cross-walls.
Which fungal group includes coenocytic mycelia?
Some mucoromycetes.
What type of plant-fungal partnership are some mucoromycetes specialized for?
Mycorrhizae.
What is the common name for ascomycetes?
Sac fungi.
What is the scientific phylum name of sac fungi?
Ascomycota.
What microscopic structure produces spores in ascomycetes?
A sac (ascus).
Where are ascomycetes found?
On land and in lakes and oceans.
Which fungal group includes many yeasts, morels, and cup fungi?
Ascomycetes.
Which fungal group includes species that form lichens with algae?
Ascomycetes.
To which fungal group do truffles belong?
Ascomycetes.
Are truffle fruiting bodies above ground or underground?
Underground (subterranean).
What attracts animals to truffles?
Their strong, appealing smell.
How can animals help truffles disperse?
They dig up fruiting bodies and spread spores.
What is the common name for basidiomycetes?
Club fungi.
What are the club-like spore-bearing structures of basidiomycetes called?
Basidia.
What phylum includes club fungi?
Basidiomycota.
Which fungal group has a long-lived dikaryotic stage?
Basidiomycetes.
Which fungal group commonly forms mushrooms and puffballs?
Basidiomycetes.
Which basidiomycete plant pathogens were named in the lecture?
Rusts.
Which fungal group is an important decomposer of decaying wood?
Basidiomycetes.
Which fungal group also commonly forms mycorrhizae?
Basidiomycetes.
What are the three ploidy phases in the basidiomycete life cycle?
Haploid (n), dikaryotic (n+n), diploid (2n).
What does dikaryotic (n+n) mean?
Two unfused haploid nuclei in the same cell.
What is the ploidy of a basidiomycete spore?
Haploid (n).
What process produces basidiomycete spores?
Meiosis.
What structure releases basidiomycete spores?
The fruiting body, via basidia.
What grows after a basidiomycete spore germinates?
A haploid mycelium.
What mating types of haploid mycelium are shown in the diagram?
Plus (+) and minus (−).
What is plasmogamy in the basidiomycete life cycle?
Fusion of cytoplasm between compatible hyphae.
What cellular state forms after plasmogamy?
Dikaryotic (n+n) mycelium.
What type of mycelium produces basidiomycete fruiting bodies?
Dikaryotic mycelium.
What is the ploidy of the basidiocarp shown in the diagram?
Dikaryotic (n+n).
What is a basidiocarp?
A basidiomycete fruiting body.
Which spore-producing structures line mushroom gills?
Basidia.
What is karyogamy in the fungal life cycle?
Fusion of two nuclei.
What ploidy results immediately from karyogamy?
Diploid (2n).
Is the diploid phase usually long or short in basidiomycetes?
Short.
What immediately follows the brief diploid stage?
Meiosis.
What phase follows basidiomycete meiosis?
New haploid spores.
Put these basidiomycete events in order: meiosis, plasmogamy, karyogamy.
Plasmogamy → karyogamy → meiosis.
Can many fungi reproduce without sexual fusion?
Yes; asexually.
About what fraction of known fungal species are parasites?
About 30%.
Which organisms are the main hosts for most fungal parasites?
Plants.
Which fungal group caused major diseases of American elms and chestnuts?
Invasive ascomycetes.
Name two trees affected by destructive invasive fungi in the slide.
American elm and American chestnut.
What are bracket fungi also called?
Conks.
Which fungal group includes bracket fungi on trees?
Some basidiomycetes.
What grain crop pathogens cause major economic losses?
Rust fungi.
What human activity is economically harmed by fungal rust infections?
Grain agriculture.
Name two human fungal skin infections from the slides.
Ringworm and athlete’s foot.
What kind of pathogen causes vaginal yeast infections?
Fungi (yeasts).
Which fungal disease from class can have flu-like or bronchitis-like symptoms?
Valley fever.
Can pathogenic fungi infect animals as well as humans?
Yes.
Which named fungal condition affects the feet?
Athlete’s foot.
About how long ago did the lecture place early land plants?
Around 470 million years ago.
What genus of freshwater green alga is pictured as plant-like?
Chara.
Where does the green alga Chara live?
Fresh water.
What plant adaptation prevents water loss through the epidermis?
A waxy cuticle.
What is the function of the waxy cuticle?
Retaining moisture.
Which wall component helps support plants upright when organized differently?
Cellulose fibers.
What pores allow gas exchange between a plant and the air?
Stomata.
What is the principal role of stomata?
Gas exchange with the air.
What plant organs take up resources from the soil?
Roots.
What resistant reproductive structures helped plants adapt to land?
Spores and seeds.
Which terrestrial challenge drove cuticle evolution?
Dryness / loss of water.
Which generation of the plant life cycle is diploid?
Sporophyte (2n).
Which plant generation is haploid?
Gametophyte (n).
What process turns diploid sporophyte cells into haploid spores?
Meiosis.
What do plant spores develop into?
Gametophytes.
Which plant generation produces eggs and sperm?
Gametophyte.
What process forms the diploid plant zygote?
Fertilization.
What does a plant zygote develop into?
A sporophyte.
What process allows a zygote to grow into a sporophyte?
Mitosis and development.
What is the name of spores that develop into female gametophytes?
Megaspores.
What is the name of spores that develop into male gametophytes?
Microspores.
Are megaspores associated with the male or female gametophyte?
Female.
Are microspores associated with the male or female gametophyte?
Male.
What are the three major groups of true plants in this lecture?
Nonvascular, seedless vascular, and seed plants.
Which two plant groups have vascular tissue?
Seedless vascular plants and seed plants.
Which of the three plant groups is identified as monophyletic?
Seed plants.
What is another name for nonvascular plants?
Bryophytes.
Name three nonvascular plant examples from the slide.
Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.
Which plant generation dominates bryophytes?
Gametophyte (n).
Are the nonvascular plants treated as monophyletic or probably paraphyletic?
Probably paraphyletic.
Which present-day plants may resemble the earliest land plants?
Bryophytes (nonvascular plants).
What major conducting tissue do bryophytes lack?
Vascular tissue.
What leaf-surface pores does the lecture say bryophytes lack?
Stomata.