Fil Psych Mod 6

01.Foundations

• Sikolohiyang Pilipino and indigenization from within.

02.Iskala Models

• Pagtutunguhan and Mananaliksik behavioral scales.

03.Pagtatanong-tanong

• deep dive into Rogelia Pe-Puas’s cross-cultural methodology.

04.Ethics and Power

• Makatao principles, equality, and community accountability.

core objectives

Shift research from “studying subjects” to “building ethical kapwa relationships”

western primacy

Indigenization from without

• imports foreign theories and adapts local terms to fit foreign tools.

subjectification

Indigenization from without

• treats local communities as mere data sources for validation.

cultural distortion

Indigenization from without

• risk of misinterpreting local nuances due to rigid external lenses.

culture-as-root

Indigenization from within

• concepts and methods originate directly from filipino culture and language.

Virgilio Enrique Legacy

Indigenization from within

• developing psychology anchored on the Filipino experience and worldview.

Organic validity

Indigenization from within

• high cultural appropriateness and authentic community resonance.

human dignity first

Makataong Pananaliksik (Humane Research)

• Participants are human beings to be respected, not subjects to be analyzed or exploited.

cultural sensitivity

Makataong Pananaliksik (Humane Research)

• adapting to local customs, unspoken norms, and social sensitivities without judgement.

mutual benefit

Makataong Pananaliksik (Humane Research)

• research must enrich and serve the community rather than extracting knowledge for private gain.

deconstructing hierarchy

Kapwa : Shared Identity & Equality

• eliminating the traditional “expert researcher” vs. “naive subject” power gradient.

kausap (dialogue partner)

Kapwa : Shared Identity & Equality

• participants are treated as equal conversational partners with equal agency.

shared responsibility

Kapwa : Shared Identity & Equality

• knowledge is co-created through mutual trust, sharing, and authentic connection.

Carmen E. Santiago & Virgilio G. Enriquez

who developed the measuring the gradient of social relationship depth.

methodological principles

Critical Rule

• Deeper interaction levels yield higher data authenticity and truthfulness. 

pakikitungo

Ibang-tao (Outsider) Level 1

• Civility, politeness, superficial social rules.

pakikisalamuha

Ibang-tao (Outsider) Level 2

• Casual mixing and interaction with the group.

pakikilahok

Ibang-tao (Outsider) Level 3

• joining activities upon invitation.

pakikibagay

Ibang-tao (Outsider) Level 4

• conformity to group standards and norms.

pakikisama

Ibang-tao (Outsider) Level 5

• being agreeable, adjusting for harmony.

pakipagpalagayang-loob

Hindi Ibang-tao (One-of-us) Level 6

• Mutual trust, rapport, openness, and comfort.

pakikisangkot

Hindi Ibang-tao (One-of-us) Level 7

• active involvement, sharing community burden.

pakikiisa

Hindi Ibang-tao (One-of-us) Level 8

• complete oneness, solidarity, and total commitment to community goals.

data reliability warning

Superficial level data (Pakikitungo) often reflects social desirability rather than authentic truth.

Iskala ng Mananaliksik (Researcher’s Scale)

• A spectrum of culturally unobtrusive to immersive field methods in Filipino psychology.

pagmamasid

Iskala ng Mananaliksik (Researcher’s Scale)

• Keen visual observation of non-verbal social cues and spatial contexts.

pakikiramdam

Iskala ng Mananaliksik (Researcher’s Scale)

• empathetic sensing, feeling local mood prior to asking questions.

pagtatanong-tanong

Iskala ng Mananaliksik (Researcher’s Scale)

• casual, semi-structured conversational inquiring in natural settings.

pakikipanuluyan

Iskala ng Mananaliksik (Researcher’s Scale)

• living and residing directly with the community over extended periods.

methodological rule

Methods range from low-unobtrusiveness to deep immersion, dictated by cultural appropriateness.

Pagtatanong-tanong (Pe-Pua, 1989)

Literally “asking questions” - a participatory, cross-cultural indigenous research method.

participatory nature

Characteristic 1

• Informant defines conversation flow, direction, and time limits alongside the researcher.

adaptive & contextual

Characteristic 2

• conforms strictly to existing social norms, ethnic group customs, and community conditions.

equality of status

Characteristic 3

• constant role reversal : informants freely ask questions to the researcher as equal peers.

equality of status

Characteristic 3

• constant role reversal : informants freely ask questions to the researcher as equal peers.

integrated methodology

Characteristic 4

• combined seamlessly with pakikipagkwentuhan, pagdalaw, and observation.

key distinction of Pagtatanong-tanong

It is NOT an informal interview — it is an organic, reciprocal dialogue.

 phase 1 - preperation

 4 Phases of Pagtatanong-tanong Procedure

• obtain background cultural data; establish credibility through local bridge persons (tulay).

phase 2 - initiation

 4 Phases of Pagtatanong-tanong Procedure

• spontaneous opening when informant is ready, state research purpose naturally.

phase 3 - navigation

 4 Phases of Pagtatanong-tanong Procedure

• allow subtle tangents; guide conversation back gently without disrupting rapport.

phase 4 - closing

 4 Phases of Pagtatanong-tanong Procedure

• Avoid abrupt farewells, express gratitude and reinforce ongoing kapwa relationship.

Researcher note for pagtatanong-tanong procedure

“memorize topic outlines instead of reading questionnaires to maintain natural eye contact.”

pakikipagkwentuhan

Complementary Indigenous Methods

• unstructured stroytelling and narrative sharing among a group, tapsp collective memory and shared experiences.

pagdalaw-dalaw

Complementary Indigenous Methods

• Informal, unannounced home visits to build rapport and show genuine care for the household’s wellbeing.

pakikipanuluyan

Complementary Indigenous Methods

• living with community hosts, adapting to their daily chores, eating their food, and sharing daily rhythms.

trangulation

Combining these methods strenghtens qualitative validty and cultural immersion.

deconstructing power

Ethics, Power Dynamics & Exploitation

• rejecting academic elitism. Researchers must enter as co-learners rather than superior authority figures.

continuous consent

Ethics, Power Dynamics & Exploitation

• informed consent is an ongoing dialogue, not just a one-off signed form before interviews begin.

anti-extraction

Ethics, Power Dynamics & Exploitation

• prohibiting “academic imperialism” - extratcing community data and disappearing without giving back.

ethical imperative

“Hindi Ginagawang Obheto ang Tao sa Pananaliksik”

data ownership

Research findings belong primarily to the community Researchers are custodians, not owners.

community validation workshops

Accountability & Knowledge Returning (Pabalik sa Komunidad)

• Present findings to informants before publication to confirm interpretation accuracy.

local dialect dissemination

Accountability & Knowledge Returning (Pabalik sa Komunidad)

• translate academic reports into accessible local languages and community summaries.

tangible actionable benefits

Accountability & Knowledge Returning (Pabalik sa Komunidad)

• ensure research translates to local advocacy, policy improvement, or program support.

reciprocal giving of community obligation

Research must leave the community in a better conditon than when you entered.

repeated sampling

Reliability & Validity Strategies

• Gathering insights across multiple informants singly or in groups to establish shared commonalities.

Reliability & Validity Strategies

• Multiple Researchers - Using researcher pairs or teams during field interactions to migitate individual bias and contamination.