Cell biology and body systems

Nucleus

Stores DNA/genetic information, location of transcription

Nucleolus

Produces/assembles ribosomal components

Ribosomes

Translates mRNA to build proteins

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosome-covered, synthesises many proteins for secretion

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lipid/cholesterol and steroid synthesis, detoxification, specialised muscle SER stores calcium

Mitochondria

Produce most cellular ATP during aerobic respiration, contain their own circular DNA

Lysosomes

Enzymes break down cellular waste and material such as pathogens

Golgi apparatus

Modifies, tags, sorts and packages proteins for delivery

Cytoskeleton

Protein-fibre network supporting cell shape and intracellular transport

What are the muscle types, their appearance, voluntary or involuntary?

• Skeletal→ striated→ usually voluntary, moves skeleton

• Cardiac→ striated→ involuntary, heart

• Smooth→ non-striated→ involuntary, walls of organs such as digestive tract

CNS

Brain and spinal cord

PNS

Nerves connecting the CNS with receptors, organs and muscles

Somatic system

Sensory information and control of skeletal muscle, including voluntary movement

Autonomic system

Regulates functions that generally do not require conscious control

Sympathetic

Supports action/alertness, commonly summarised as fight or flight

Parasympathetic

Supports rest and digestive functions

Afferent

Carries sensory information towards the CNS through dorsal root

Efferent

Carries motor commands away from the CNS to effectors through ventral root

Frontal lobe

Motor control, problem solving and speech related functions

Parietal lobe

Touch perception and body orientation

Temporal lobe

Auditory processing, close to the ears

Occipital lobe

Visual processing

Thalamus

Sensory relay/processing

Hypothalamus and pituitary

Homeostasis and hormonal reulation

Cerebellum

Movement coordination, balance and motor learning

Brainstem

Important sensory-motor and automatic functions

How does the nervous system link to audiology?

Sensory neurones carry signals from cochlear/vestibular receptors to the brain for processing

How does the cardiovascular system link to audiology?

Auditory tissues require oxygen and nutrients supplied by blood

How does the musculoskeletal system link to audiology?

The three middle ear ossicles (bones) transmit sound-related vibrations

How does the immune system link to audiology?

Earwax form a physical barrier

How does the respiratory system link to audiology?

Airflow supports voice production and speech