Chapter 13 Vocap AP Gov

Civil Rights

Guarantees of equal social opportunities and protection under the law. Ensures that every person is treated fairly regardless of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, or disability

13^th Amendment

Abolished slavery + involuntary servitude across nation, except as a punishment for a convicted crime

14^th Amendment

Birthright citizenship, Due Process, and Equal Protection

Equal Protection Clause

Part of the 14th amendment that states no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" served as the legal foundation for dismantling racial segregation. It stops state governments from unfairly discriminating against people based on traits like race, sex, or national origin.

15^th Amendment

Prohibits the federal government and states from denying any citizen the right to vote based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

Plessy v. Ferguson

SCOTUS ruled that racial segregation laws were constitutional as long as the separate facilities provided for each race were equal– established “separate but equal” doctrine

De Jure Segregation

Segregation by LAW – formally mandated, enforced, or sanctioned by government laws and regulations.

De Facto Segregation

Separation of people by race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic status in practice and reality ("by fact"), rather than by explicit legal mandate

Brown v. Board I

SCOTUS ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools violates the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause

Brown v. Board II

SCOTUS ruled that instructed local school authorities and federal district courts to desegregate public schools "with all deliberate speed”

Civil Disobedience

Active, nonviolent refusal to obey a specific government law or policy to influence legislation or public policy

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Bans discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and serves as a major expansion of federal authority under the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause

24^th Amendment

Prohibits the federal+state gov from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on the payment of a poll tax or any other tax

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law signed by Pres LBJ designed to enforce the 15th Amendment and eliminate racial discrimination in voting

Title IX of 1972

Prohibits sex-based discrimination in any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance (athletics, institutions, schools, etc)

19^th Amendment

Prohibits US and all states from denying/abridging the right to vote to any citizen on the basis of sex

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Feminist interest group and linkage institution founded in 1966 to advocate for full gender equality

Equal Rights Amendment

Proposed/unratified constitutional amendment stating that “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied/abridged by US or any state on account of sex”

Affirmative Action

Policies/programs designed to actively improve opportunities and address workplace or educational disparities for historically underrepresented/disadvantaged groups

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Ruled against rigid racial quotas in university admissions are unconstitutional BUT allowed race to be considered in a hollistic review process – white man denied admission to school twice, school reserved 16/100 spots entering each class for qualified minority applicants

Americans with Disabilities Act

Prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life

Equal Employment Opportunities Commission

Independent federal executive branch agency established by title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964 to enforce federal laws that prohibit workplace discrimination

Lawrence v. Texas

Ruled state anti-sodomy laws are unconstitutional – right to private and consensual sexual intimacy under 14th Amendment – police entered apartment bc of unrelated call, found 2 men engaging in sexual act, both men arrested bc that was illegal in tx

Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)

Defined marriage as exclusively the union of one man and one woman for all federal purposes and allowed individual states to refuse to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other states

Obergefell v. Hodges

SCOTUS decision that ruled state bans on same-sex marriage are unconstitutional – same-sex couples in Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee who were denied marriage licenses or state recognition of marriages legally performed in other jurisdictions