[Y1] | CHAPTER 3 SKELETAL

1. Skeletal system /ˈskɛlɪtl ˈsɪstəm/ noun phrase

The framework of bones and connective tissues that supports the body. (Hệ xương)

2. Tendon /ˈtɛndən/ noun

A tough band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone. (Gân)

3. Ligament /ˈlɪɡəmənt/ noun

A band of tough connective tissue that connects bones to each other. (Dây chằng)

4. Cartilage /ˈkɑːrtɪlɪdʒ/ noun

A flexible connective tissue found in joints, the ear, and the nose. (Sụn)

5. Support /səˈpɔːrt/ noun/verb

To hold up or bear weight; the act of holding up. ((Sự) nâng đỡ)

6. Protection /prəˈtɛkʃən/ noun

The act of keeping something safe from harm. ((Sự) bảo vệ)

7. Endocrine regulation /ˈɛndəʊkrɪn ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/ noun phrase

The control of body processes by hormones released from glands. (Điều hòa nội tiết)

8. Osteoblast /ˈɒstioʊˌblæst/ noun

A bone-forming cell. (Nguyên bào xương)

9. Osteocyte /ˈɒstioʊˌsaɪt/ noun

A mature bone cell that maintains bone tissue. (Tế bào xương trưởng thành)

10. Osteoclast /ˈɒstioʊˌklæst/ noun

A bone cell that breaks down bone tissue. (Tế bào hủy xương / hủy cốt bào)

11. Hematopoietic stem cell /ˌhiːmətoʊpɔɪˈɛtɪk stɛm sɛl/ noun phrase

Stem cells in bone marrow that produce blood cells. (Tế bào gốc tạo máu)

12. Osseous tissue /ˈɒsiəs ˈtɪʃuː/ noun phrase

Bone tissue that provides strength and structure to bones. (Mô xương)

13. Collagen /ˈkɒlədʒən/ noun

A protein in connective tissues that gives flexibility. (Collagen / sợi keo)

14. Periosteum /ˌpɛriˈɒstiəm/ noun

The dense membrane covering the outer surface of bone. (Màng xương)

15. Compact bone /ˈkɒmpækt boʊn/ noun phrase

The dense, hard outer layer of bone. (Xương đặc)

16. Cancellous bone / Spongy bone /ˈkænsələs boʊn/ noun phrase

The lighter, spongy bone inside compact bone. (Xương xốp)

17. Bone marrow /ˈboʊn ˌmæroʊ/ noun phrase

The soft tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. (Tủy xương)

18. Diaphysis /daɪˈæfəsɪs/ noun

The shaft of a long bone. (Thân xương)

19. Epiphysis /ɪˈpɪfəsɪs/ noun

The rounded end of a long bone. (Đầu xương)

20. Medullary cavity /ˈmɛdəlɛri ˈkævəti/ noun phrase

The central cavity in long bones that contains marrow. (Ống tủy)

21. Long bone /lɔːŋ boʊn/ noun phrase

A bone longer than its width, e.g., the femur and humerus. (Xương dài)

22. Short bone /ʃɔːrt boʊn/ noun phrase

A cube-shaped bone that is mostly spongy inside. (Xương ngắn)

23. Flat bone /flæt boʊn/ noun phrase

A thin, flattened bone with parallel layers. (Xương dẹt)

24. Sesamoid bone /ˈsɛsəmɔɪd boʊn/ noun phrase

A bone embedded in a tendon. (Xương vừng)

25. Irregular bone /ɪˈrɛɡjələr boʊn/ noun phrase

A bone with a complex shape that does not fit other categories. (Xương bất định hình)

26. Ossification /ˌɒsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/ noun

The process of bone formation. (Quá trình cốt hóa)

27. Axial skeleton /ˈæk.si.əl ˈskɛlɪtən/ noun phrase

The part of the skeleton consisting of the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. (Bộ xương trục)

28. Appendicular skeleton /ˌæpɛnˈdɪkjələr ˈskɛlɪtən/ noun phrase

The part of the skeleton consisting of the limbs and girdles. (Bộ xương phụ)

29. Paired bones /peəd boʊnz/ noun phrase

Bones that occur in left and right pairs. (Xương đối xứng (theo cặp))

30. Unpaired bones /ʌnˈpeəd boʊnz/ noun phrase

Bones that exist as single units in the body. (Xương đơn (không có cặp))

31. Frontal bone /ˈfrʌntl boʊn/ noun phrase

Bone that forms the forehead. (Xương trán)

32. Parietal bone /pəˈraɪɪtl boʊn/ noun phrase

Bone forming the sides and roof of the skull. (Xương đỉnh)

33. Occipital bone /ɒkˈsɪpɪtl boʊn/ noun phrase

Bone forming the back of the skull. (Xương chẩm)

34. Temporal bone /ˈtɛmpərəl boʊn/ noun phrase

Bone forming part of the side of the skull near the ear. (Xương thái dương)

35. Maxillae /ˈmæksɪliː/ noun

Bones forming the upper jaw. (Xương hàm trên)

36. Mandible /ˈmændɪbəl/ noun

The lower jawbone. (Xương hàm dưới)

37. Zygomatic bone /ˌzaɪɡoʊˈmætɪk boʊn/ noun phrase

The cheekbone. (Xương gò má)

38. Suture /ˈsuːtʃər/ noun

Immovable joint between skull bones. (Đường khớp (của hộp sọ))

39. Vertebral column / Spine /ˈvɜːrtɪbrəl ˈkɒləm/ noun phrase

The series of bones forming the backbone. (Cột sống)

40. Vertebra /ˈvɜːrtɪbrə/ – /ˈvɜːrtɪˌbreɪ/ noun

Each bone of the spine. (Đốt sống)

41. Atlas /ˈætləs/ noun

The first cervical vertebra that supports the skull. (Đốt đội (C1))

42. Axis /ˈæksɪs/ noun

The second cervical vertebra that allows head rotation. (Đốt trục (C2))

43. Cervical vertebrae /ˈsɜːrvɪkl ˈvɜːrtɪˌbreɪ/ noun phrase

The seven vertebrae of the neck. (Đốt sống cổ)

44. Thoracic vertebrae /θəˈræsɪk ˈvɜːrtɪˌbreɪ/ noun phrase

The twelve vertebrae of the chest. (Đốt sống ngực)

45. Lumbar vertebrae /ˈlʌmbɑːr ˈvɜːrtɪˌbreɪ/ noun phrase

The five vertebrae of the lower back. (Đốt sống thắt lưng)

46. Sacrum /ˈseɪkrəm/ noun

A triangular bone at the base of the spine formed by fused vertebrae. (Xương cùng)

47. Coccyx /ˈkɒksɪks/ noun

The small terminal bone of the spine, or tailbone. (Xương cụt)

48. Rib cage /rɪb keɪdʒ/ noun phrase

The bones of the thorax that protect the organs. (Lồng ngực)

49. Sternum / Breastbone /ˈstɜːrnəm/ noun

A flat bone in the center of the chest. (Xương ức)

50. Costae / Ribs /ˈkɒstiː/ noun

The 12 pairs of curved bones forming the rib cage. (Xương sườn)

51. Floating ribs /ˈfloʊtɪŋ rɪbz/ noun phrase

The last two rib pairs that have no anterior attachment. (Xương sườn cụt)

52. Pectoral girdle / Shoulder girdle /ˈpɛktərəl ˈɡɜːrdl/ noun phrase

The bones attaching the upper limb to the trunk. (Đai vai)

53. Clavicle / Collarbone /ˈklævɪkl/ noun

A long bone connecting the arm to the body. (Xương đòn)

54. Scapula / Shoulder blade /ˈskæpjələ/ noun

A flat triangular bone of the upper back. (Xương vai)

55. Humerus /ˈhjuːmərəs/ noun

The upper arm bone. (Xương cánh tay)

56. Radius /ˈreɪdiəs/ noun

The lateral forearm bone, aligned with the thumb. (Xương quay)

57. Ulna /ˈʌlnə/ noun

The medial forearm bone, aligned with the little finger. (Xương trụ)

58. Carpals /ˈkɑːrpəlz/ noun

The eight bones of the wrist. (Xương cổ tay)

59. Metacarpals /ˌmɛtəˈkɑːrpəlz/ noun

The five bones of the palm. (Xương bàn tay)

60. Phalanges /fəˈlændʒiːz/ noun

Bones of the fingers and toes. (Đốt ngón)

61. Pelvic girdle /ˈpɛlvɪk ˈɡɜːrdl/ noun phrase

Bony structure attaching the lower limbs to the spine. (Đai chậu)

62. Coxae / Hip bones /ˈkɒksiː/ noun

The two bones forming the pelvis. (Xương hông)

63. Femur /ˈfiːmər/ noun

The thigh bone and the longest bone in the body. (Xương đùi)

64. Patella / Kneecap /pəˈtɛlə/ noun

A sesamoid bone protecting the knee joint. (Xương bánh chè)

65. Tibia / Shin bone /ˈtɪbiə/ noun

The larger, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. (Xương chày)

66. Fibula /ˈfɪbjələ/ noun

The thinner bone of the lower leg. (Xương mác)

67. Tarsals /ˈtɑːrsəlz/ noun

The seven bones of the ankle. (Xương cổ chân)

68. Metatarsals /ˌmɛtəˈtɑːrsəlz/ noun

The five long bones of the foot. (Xương bàn chân)

69. Protection /prəˈtɛkʃən/ noun

The act of keeping someone or something safe. (Sự bảo vệ)

70. Delicate /ˈdɛlɪkət/ adjective

Easily damaged or fragile. (Mỏng manh, dễ tổn thương)

71. Thoracic cage /θɔːˈræsɪk keɪdʒ/ noun phrase

The rib cage that protects the heart and lungs. (Lồng ngực)

72. Framework /ˈfreɪmwɜːrk/ noun

The basic structure supporting a system or body. (Khung, cấu trúc)

73. Tendon /ˈtɛndən/ noun

A cord of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone. (Gân)

74. Ligament /ˈlɪɡəmənt/ noun

A band of tissue that connects bones at a joint. (Dây chằng)

75. Lever /ˈliːvər/ noun

A rigid bar that moves around a pivot point to transmit force. (Đòn bẩy)

76. Efficiency /ɪˈfɪʃənsi/ noun

The ability to do something well with minimal waste. (Hiệu quả)

77. Synthesis /ˈsɪnθəsɪs/ noun

The production or combination of different things to form something new. (Sự tổng hợp, sự tạo thành)

78. Hematopoietic stem cell /ˌhiːmətoʊpɔɪˈɛtɪk stɛm sɛl/ noun phrase

Stem cells in the bone marrow that produce blood cells. (Tế bào gốc tạo máu)

79. Hematopoiesis /ˌhiːmətoʊpɔɪˈiːsɪs/ noun

The process of forming blood cells. (Quá trình tạo máu)

80. Marrow / Bone marrow /ˈmæroʊ/ noun

The soft tissue inside bones that makes blood cells. (Tủy xương)

81. Acid-base balance /ˈæsɪd beɪs ˈbæləns/ noun phrase

The body’s regulation of pH in the blood. (Cân bằng axit-kiềm)

82. Reservoir /ˈrɛzərvwɑːr/ noun

A place where something is stored in large amounts. (Kho dự trữ)

83. Calcium /ˈkælsiəm/ noun

A mineral essential for bones, muscles, and nerves. (Canxi)

84. Phosphorus /ˈfɑːsfərəs/ noun

A mineral important for bones and cell function. (Phốt pho)

85. Homeostasis /ˌhoʊmi.oʊˈsteɪsɪs/ noun

The process of maintaining stable internal conditions. (Sự cân bằng nội môi)

86. Calcitonin /ˌkælsɪˈtoʊnɪn/ noun

A hormone from the thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium. (Hormone calcitonin)

87. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) /ˌpærəˈθaɪrɔɪd ˈhɔːrmoʊn/ noun phrase

A hormone that raises blood calcium by taking it from bones. (Hormone cận giáp (PTH))

88. Matrix / Bone matrix /ˈmeɪtrɪks/ noun

The intercellular substance of bone tissue containing minerals. (Chất nền xương)

89. Cartilage /ˈkɑːrtɪlɪdʒ/ noun

Firm but flexible connective tissue found in joints, ribs, ears, and nose. (Sụn)

90. Chondrocyte /ˈkɒndroʊsaɪt/ noun

A cell that makes and maintains cartilage. (Tế bào sụn)

91. Extracellular matrix /ˌɛkstrəˈsɛljələr ˈmeɪtrɪks/ noun phrase

The material outside cells that provides structural support. (Chất nền ngoại bào)

92. Collagen fibers /ˈkɒlədʒən ˈfaɪbərz/ noun phrase

Strong protein strands providing structure to connective tissues. (Sợi collagen)

93. Proteoglycan /ˌproʊtiːoʊˈɡlaɪk æn/ noun

A molecule in cartilage that binds water, aiding cushioning. (Proteoglycan)

94. Elastin fibers /ɪˈlæstɪn ˈfaɪbərz/ noun phrase

Fibers that give elasticity to tissues. (Sợi elastin)

95. Elastic cartilage /ɪˈlæstɪk ˈkɑːrtɪlɪdʒ/ noun phrase

Cartilage with elastin fibers, found in the ear and nose. (Sụn đàn hồi)

96. Hyaline cartilage /ˈhaɪəlɪn ˈkɑːrtɪlɪdʒ/ noun phrase

The most common type of cartilage, covering joint surfaces and forming part of the ribs. (Sụn trong)

97. Fibrocartilage /ˈfaɪbroʊˌkɑːrtɪlɪ dʒ/ noun

Cartilage containing thick collagen fibers and providing great strength. (Sụn xơ)

98. Avascular /ˌeɪˈvæskjələr/ adjective

Without blood vessels. (Không có mạch máu)

99. Aneural /ˌeɪˈnʊrəl/ adjective

Without nerves. (Không có thần kinh)

100. Ligament /ˈlɪɡəmənt/ noun

A band of connective tissue linking bones together. (Dây chằng)