Unit Three Test Review

Flashcards for Unit Three Test Review (May 2025)

Agnosticism

The belief that the existence or non-existence of God is unknowable.

Anthropomorphism

The attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object.

Atheism

Disbelief in the existence of God or gods.

Deism

Belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically a creator who does not intervene in the universe.

Dualism

The belief that reality is composed of two distinct substances, such as mind and matter.

Idealism

The philosophical theory that reality is fundamentally mental or mentally constructed.

Panentheism

The belief that God is in everything and transcends everything; God is greater than the universe.

Pantheism

The belief that God is everything; God is identical with the universe.

Polytheism

The belief in multiple gods.

Substance

A fundamental and ultimate constituent of reality.

Theism

Belief in the existence of a god or gods, especially belief in one god as creator of the universe.

Materialism

The philosophical theory that regards matter as the only reality.

Monism

The belief that reality is ultimately one substance.

Aristotle

Believed that everything has a purpose or end; stating that man is a reasoning creature.

St. Thomas Aquinas

A proponent of Traditional Western Religious View.

St. Augustine

Proponent of Traditional Western Religious View, including a hierarchy of dualist view.

St. Anselm

Developed the Ontological Argument for the Existence of God.

Julien Offroy de La Mettrie

Published 'Man A Machine,' a logical conclusion of materialism.

Charles Darwin

His theory of evolution suggests that humans have no soul.

Heraclitus

Believed that everything is changing.

Parmenides

Argued that change is an illusion.

Zeno

Known for Zeno’s paradox.

Socrates

Considered the Father of Philosophy, known for questioning.

Rene Descartes

Believed the enduring self is the thinking soul, located in the pineal gland.

Diotima

Argued that the self changes over time, creating a longing for immortality.

Sigmund Freud

A materialist and the father of modern psychology, holding a dark view of human nature.

Siddhartha Gautama

Proponent of the No-Self view, stating that all things, including the self, are transient.

George Berkeley

Founder of modern idealism.

Vasubandhu

Eastern idealist who believed that “Only Mind Exists”.

Charvaka Philosophers

Believed that anything not discovered through the senses isn’t real.

Democritus

A materialist known for his atomic theory.

Thales

Believed that everything is made of water.

Stephen J. Gould

Proposed stasis and sudden appearance, highlighting problems with Darwinism.

Thomas Hobbes

A materialist who viewed humans as biological machines and mental states as brain states.

David Hume

Proponent of the No-Self View; we can only know what we perceive with our senses, we can’t perceive the self, so there is no self

Baruch Spinoza

Believed reality is composed of “substance” only, and substance is Nature or God; a monist.

Lev Zasetsky

A subject whose mind was “shattered”.

Gottfried Leibniz

Believed mind and body run in parallel.

John Locke

Believed the enduring self is defined by a continuation of memory, and the mind starts as a tabula rasa.

Genevieve Lloyd

Argued that either women are just as rational as men, or women provide a necessary complement to “male reason”.

Immanuel Kant

Believed the mind constructs the world around it with sensory information.

Nicholas Malebranche

Believed mind and body are linked by God.

Thomas Reid

Argued that Locke’s view has contradictions.

Jean Paul Sartre

An existentialist who stated we are “condemned to be free” and discussed “bad faith”.

Moritz Schlick

A materialist who believed every act is a selfish one.

John Searle

An opponent of the Turing Test.