Abnormal Psychology Unit 2 Exam

Abnormal Psychology Unit 2 Exam

A mental health condition characterized by excessive, persistent worry or apprehension about potential future threats that causes significant distress or interferes with daily functioning.

Anxiety disorder

An abrupt experience of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by a number of physical symptoms, such as dizziness or heart palpitations.

Panic Attack

What are the two basic types of panic attacks described in DSM-5?

Expected, Unexpected

Type of panic attack that occurs as a result of an environmental stimulus.

Expected

Jim knows he is afraid of heights and due to this he knows that he strongly dislikes driving over long bridges. If Jim were to drive over a long bridge and were to experience a panic attack, the type of panic attack he would be experiencing would be a ______ (Expected/Unexpected) panic attack.

Expected

Type of panic attack where the affected individual does not have a clue where or when it will occur.

Unexpected

Steve was watching television when he suddenly experienced an episode of an intense fear or discomfort accompanied by a number of physical symptoms such as dizziness or heart palpitations. This occurred seemingly out of the blue. Steve experienced a(n) _______________.

Unexpected Panic Attack

True or False: Anxiety is a normal emotional state and can never be problematic.

False (- anxiety is indeed a normal emotional state, but it can be problematic when overactive or excessive.)

A future-oriented emotional state. An emotional state that involves apprehensively anticipating future danger or misfortune.

Anxiety

A present-oriented emotional state that is a reaction to a current perceived threat or danger.

Fear

An immediate alarm reaction characterized by strong escapist tendencies in response to present danger or life-threating emergencies.

Fear

Emotional state involving somatic symptoms of tension and feelings that one cannot predict or control upcoming events.

Anxiety

An episode of overwhelming and intense fear. This fear occurs at an inappropriate time.

Panic Attack

An individual must experience ______ or more of the 13 symptoms to confirm that a panic attack is really happening.

4

Palpitations, increased heart rate, sweating, chest pain/discomfort, feeling dizzy/faint, fear of dying, chills, feelings of choking, shortness of breath, shaking, nausea/abdominal distress, detachment from oneself (derealization), and fear of losing control are all symptoms of this phenomenon.

Panic Attack

Integrative model of the development of anxiety disorders that incorporates the biological, general psychological, and specific psychological

Triple Vulnerability Model

Anxiety disorder characterized by intense, uncontrollable, unfocused, chronic, and continuous worry that is distressing and unproductive, accompanied by physical symptoms of tenseness, irritability, and restlessness.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Component of the Triple Vulnerability Model. The belief that events are unpredictable or uncontrollable.

General psychological vulnerability

Component of the Triple Vulnerability Model. Learning to associate particular situations, objects, or bodily sensations with potential danger.

Specific psychological vulnerability

Component of the Triple Vulnerability Model. An inherited or biological predisposition to experience heightened emotional activity.

Biological vulnerability

A person has an inherited temperament that makes them more emotionally reactive to stress. Which component of the triple vulnerability model does this illustrate?

Biological vulnerability

A person grows up in a chaotic household where events are unpredictable. As a result, they believe later in life that they have little control over what happens to them. Which component of the triple vulnerability model does this illustrate?

General psychological vulnerability

A person experiences a racing heart and learns to interpret that sensation as a sign that they are about to have a heart attack. They become frightened quickly whenever their heart rate increases. Which component of the triple vulnerability model does this illustrate?

Specific psychological vulnerability

The co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual.

Comorbidity

True or False: True or False: Among patients with a primary anxiety or depressive disorder, 55% had at least one additional anxiety or depressive disorder at the time of assessment, increasing to 76% when lifetime diagnoses were considered.

True

True or False: The comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders is 43% at the time of assessment and 83% when considering a patient’s lifetime.

False (- the comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders is 55% at the time of assessment and 76% when considering a patient’s lifetime)

The most common additional diagnosis or comorbidity for all anxiety disorders.

Major Depression

Approximately what percentage of the general population has generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

3%

True or False: Women are 2x more likely to have generalized anxiety disorder than men.

True

True or False: Generalized anxiety disorder is not genetic and consequently does not run in families.

False (- generalized anxiety disorder is somewhat genetic and consequently does run in families)

True or False: People with certain physical conditions (respiratory disease, gastrointestinal disease, arthritis, allergic conditions, ect.) are often at a higher risk for anxiety disorders.

True

The risk of someone with a panic disorder attempting suicide was found to be ______ (equal to/more than/less than) the risk of someone with major depression.

equal to

A(n) ______ panic attack often occurs in certain situations but not anywhere else.

Expected

The rates of __________ among anxiety and related disorders are high because they share common features of anxiety and panic.

Comorbidity

Anxiety disorder that is generalized to the events of everyday life.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

DSM-5: criteria specify that at least ______ _______ of excessive anxiety and worry must be ongoing more days than not in order for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) to be diagnosed.

6 months

For children, only _____ or more physical symptom is required for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

1

Anxiety disorder characterized by muscle tension, mental agitation, susceptibility to fatigue, some irritability, and difficulty sleeping.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

For adults, only _____ or more physical symptom is required for a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

3

True or False: About twice as many individuals with generalized anxiety disorder are female than male in epidemiological studies.

True

What type of onset does generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have (acute/chronic)?

Insidious

Generalized anxiety typically begins in ______ (early/late) adulthood, but has been found to be more prevalent in _______ (early/late) adulthood.

early, late

What type of course does generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have?

Chronic

Several studies have found that individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) show ______ (more/less) responsiveness on most physiological measures than do individuals with other anxiety disorders. Thus, people with generalized anxiety disorder have been called _______ ________.

less, autonomic restrictors

A term use to describe individuals that show a lower physiological response to emotional stress through their autonomic nervous systems.

Autonomic Restrictors

True or False: Despite typically having a very low physiological response to stress, individuals with GAD are typically more hypervigilant to possible threats.

True

Two treatments for general anxiety disorder (GAD) that provides short-term relief.

Benzodiazepines, Antidepressants

True or False: Benzodiazepines and antidepressants use for treatment of GAD has the negative side effects of dependence and cognitive/motor impairment.

True

If has been found that there _______ (is/ is not) an added benefit of utilizing both cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and drugs (Benzodiazepines + Antidepressants).

is not

True or False: Most studies show that in the majority of cases of GAD, onset is early in adulthood as an immediate response to a life stressor.

False (- onset is ineed early in adulthood, but as a gradual response to a life stressor)

True or False: GAD has no genetic basis.

False (- GAD does have a genetic basis)

True or False: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and other psychological treatments for GAD are probably better than drug therapies in the long run.

True

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks accompanied by concern about future attacks and/or a lifestyle change to avoid future attacks.

Panic Disorder

Anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult in the event of panic symptoms or other unpleasant physical symptoms.

Agoraphobia

Sudden, intense fear and discomfort.

Panic Attack

The avoidance of internal physical sensations such as increased cardiovascular activity or faster respiration.

Interoceptive Avoidance

A person finds themselves avoiding situations in which increase their heart rate or respiratory rate because they fear these internal physical sensations. This person is experiencing _______ _______.

Interoceptive Avoidance

A person unexpectedly experiences a panic attack while taking a crowded bus home. Consequently, he avoids any type of public transportation or very crowded areas. This person is experiencing ____________.

Agoraphobia

How many total symptoms (physical, cognitive, and emotional) are there of a panic attack according to DSM-5?

13

What is the minimum number of symptoms a person must experience to meet the DSM-5 criteria for a panic attack?

4

Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population suffer from panic disorder (PD) and agoraphobia? (If typing, include the “%” symbol in your answer)

2.7%

How many panic attacks must an individual experience at least to be considered for being diagnosed with panic disorder (PD)?

1

How many panic attacks must an individual experience at least to be considered for being diagnosed with agoraphobia?

1

What is the DSM-5 criteria for the duration of symptoms required for a diagnosis of panic disorder (PD)?

1 month

What is the minimum (can be more) number of specific situations that an individual must avoid to be diagnosed with agoraphobia according to DSM-5?

2

An individual finds that they avoid public transportation, open or enclosed spaces, standing in line, standing in crowds, and overall just being out of the home. This person is experiencing _______________.

Agoraphobia

The onset of panic disorder (PD) is __________ (acute/insidious).

Acute

The median age of onset for this condition is between 20 and 24 years of age.

Panic Disorder (PD)

True or False: Panic disorder (PD) is 2 times more common among women than men.

True

Rates of sleep paralysis is highest among what ethnic groups when compared to the general population?

African Americans, Asian Americans

What is the prevalence rate of sleep paralysis among African American and Asian American populations?

40% (for each)

What is the prevalence rate of sleep paralysis among the general population?

8%

Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for panic attacks, involving gradual exposure to feared somatic sensations and modification of perceptions and attitudes about them.

Panic Control Treatment (PCT)

True or False: Panic disorder is a disorder in which an individual experiences anxiety and panic triggered by being in an “unsafe” situation.

False (- panic attacks occur unexpectedly in panic disorder and are not triggered by a known environment stimulus)

True or False: About 40% of the population meets the criteria for panic disorder at some point in life.

False (- 3.5% of the population meets the criteria for panic disorder at some point in life)

What percentage of the population meets the criteria for panic disorder at some point in life?

3.5%

True or False: Some individuals with panic disorder are suicidal, have nocturnal panic, and are agoraphobic.

True

True or False: Psychological treatments like panic control treatment (PCT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are very effective for treating panic disorder (PD).

True

An unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation that markedly interferes with daily life functioning.

Specific Phobia

Approximately what percentage of people with panic disorder have experienced nocturnal panic attacks?

60%

True or False: There is a high chance of relapse into panic disorder if medication is stopped.

True

What percentage of individuals with panic disorder who take selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or benzodiazepines report to be panic-free?

60%

What percentage of individuals with panic disorder have said they have seen improvements with exposure and relaxation techniques (ERT - a type of CBT)?

70%

Specific phobias are _____ times more common among women than men.

4

Are specific phobias more common among men or women?

women (it is 4 times more common among women than men)

A person has an extreme fear of snakes. This person has a(n) ________ ________.

Specific Phobia

In a given 1 year period, the prevalence rate of specific phobias is _______ percent.

8.7

What are the top 3 specific phobias in order?

1. Snakes 2. Heights 3. Flying

Specific phobias have ______ courses unless treated.

Chronic

Specific phobias are _____ times more common among the Latinx than Whites.

2

True or False: Specific phobias are 2x more common among White populations than the Latinx populations.

False (- Specific phobias are 2x more common among Latinx populations than the White populations)

The onset of specific phobias occur most often in _____________ (early adulthood/childhood/late adulthood).

childhood

Phobias of spiders, insects, and dogs are all examples of this major type of specific phobia.

Animal

Phobias of heights, storms, and bodies of water are all examples of this major type of specific phobia.

Natural Environment

Phobias of planes, elevators, or enclosed spaces are all examples of this major type of specific phobia.

Situational

Excessive, enduring fear in some individuals that harm will come to them of their loved ones when they are apart.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Characterized by children’s unrealistic and persistent worry that something will happen to their parents or other important people in their life when apart.

Separation Anxiety Disorder

Approximately what percentage of adults experience separation anxiety disorder?

6.6%

Approximately what percentage of children experience separation anxiety disorder?

4.1%

Extreme, enduring, irrational fear and avoidance of social or performance situations.

Social Anxiety Disorder