FW 104 CSU EXAM 2

Pleistocene Overkill Hypothesis

States that humans were primarily responsible for the demise of the megafauna at the close of the Pleistocene, approximately 10,000 years ago, from overhunting as human populations expanded at that time.

Market Hunting Era (Era of Exploitation)

1850-1899:

a dark time for wildlife

Myth of superabundance

"right and duty" to tame the land

Passenger pigeons and Carolina parakeets

Bison

Preservation Era

1900-1929:

1900: Lacey Act (USFWS)

1918: Migratory Bird Treaty Act (USFWS)

Teddy Roosevelt (conservation president)

Gifford Pinchot (US Forest Reserves)

John Muir (National Park Service)

Era of Game Management (Conservation Era)

1930-1965:

1937: Pitman-Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act (USFWS)

1940: Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (USFWS)

1950: Dingell-Johnson Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act (USFWS)

Aldo Leopold

Ding Darling

active management and conservation

great depression, drought, dust bowl

soil science

BLM

TWS

Environmental Era

1966-1984:

1970: National Environmental Policy Act (EPA)

1972: Marine Mammal Protection Act 1972 (NMFS USFWS)

1973: CITES

1973: Endangered Species Act (USFWS-DOI, NMFS-NOAA/DOC)

Rachel Carson

Noxious Weed Act

Present Era

1990's-Present:

Amendment for Beavers

Invasive Species Counsel

Non-indigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act

Furbearers

- Trapping/hunting

- urban interface

- Ecosystem engineers

- Predators

ecosystem engineers

a keystone species that creates or maintains habitat for other species

Migratory Game Birds

All wild species of ducks, mergansers, geese, brant, coots, rails, gallinules, plovers, Wilson's snipe or jacksnipe, woodcock, mourning doves, white-winged doves, white-tipped (white-fronted) doves, red-billed pigeons, band-tailed pigeons, shorebirds of all varieties and sandhill cranes.

- Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918) Federal regulation - international relations

flyways

routes that migrating birds follow year after year

Small Game and Upland Game Birds

birds and small mammals regularly hunted for sport but not classified as furbearers, big game, or waterfowl

Non-Game and T&E Species (Threatened and Endangered)

-Black -footed ferret

- The whooping crane, etc.

- Federal Protection Recovery Plans Monitoring...

-Watching

-non-consumptive

-Management

Non-invasive Monitoring Techniques

- Observation

- Remote cameras/trail cameras/camera traps

- Hair snares

- Track plates

- Scat

- Sound

Invasive Monitoring Techniques

- Live capture

- Snap traps

- Sherman live traps

- Hav-a-hart traps

- Drift fence

- Funnel trap

- Sweep nets

- Pitfall traps

- D-frame nets

- Aspirator

- Beat sheet

- Berlese funnel

- Corral trap

- Mist nets

- Harp nets

- Net guns/rocket nets/cannon nets

- Drop nets

Marking Techniques

- Bird banding

- Ear tags

- PIT tags

- Radio telemetry

- GPS collars

- Radar

Non-Capture Fish Observation Methods

- Hydroacoustics (SONAR)

- Creel survey

- Snorkel/scuba

- Counting towers

- Drones

Fish marking methods

- Fin clipping

- Floy tags

- PIT tags

- Coded wire tags

- Tattoos

Scale aging

rings on scale (like a tree)

gastric lavage

washing out of the stomach

Fish passage structures

-Pool and weir

-Vertical slot

-Fish elevators

-Rock ramp fishway

wildlife management

the application of conservation principles to manage wild species and their habitats for human benefit or for the welfare of other species

biota

plants (flora) and animals (fauna) living in a region

Biosphere

The zone of air, land, and water where organisms exist.

affects distribution and type of different biomes

climate

Bison, passenger pigeons, and the Carolina parakeet were driven to extinction or near extinction in North America during this era.

Market Hunting Era (Era of Exploitation) 1850-1899

First National Wildlife Refuge

Pelican Island (Teddy Roosevelt)

Duck Stamps were created in this era.

Era of Game Management (1930-1965) by Ding Darling

Wildlife Management can:

Increase, Decrease, Maintain/Conserve, Limit or Enhance

INCREASING WATERFOWL HARVEST LIMITS TO REDUCE POPULATION NUMBERS WOULD BE AN EXAMPLE OF _____ MANAGEMENT.

DIRECT

Furbearers

Fox, Bobcat, Beaver, Otter, Mink, Coyote

IN WHICH OF THE FLYWAYS IS COLORADO LOCATED?

CENTRAL

IS A GASTRIC LAVAGE AN EXAMPLE OF AN INVASIVE OR NON-INVASIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE?

INVASIVE

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD YOU USE TO CAPTURE A WHITE-TAILED DEER?

A sherman trap

A mist net

A clover trap

A clover trap

SWEEP NETS, ASPIRATORS, AND BEAT SHEETS ARE ALL USED TO TRAP _____.

INSECTS!

NAME TWO WAYS YOU MIGHT CAPTURE BATS.

MIST NETS OR HARP NETS

What does PIT stand for?

PASSIVE INTEGRATED TRANSPONDER

TRUE OR FALSE: LOBSTERS, DOLPHINS, AND TUNA CAN ALL BE INCLUDED IN A FISHERY.

TRUE - NOT JUST FISH!

"AN EXPLOITED POPULATION OF AQUATIC ANIMALS"

TRAP OR FYKE NETS WOULD BE AN EXAMPLE OF _____ CAPTURE METHODS.

PASSIVE - SET IT AND WAIT

COUNTING TOWERS, SNORKELING, AND CREEL SURVEYS ARE ALL CONSIDERED __-_____ METHODS.

NON-CAPTURE

SCALES AND OTOLITHS CAN BE USED TO CALCULATE A FISH'S ____.

AGE

THE THREE HABITATS REQUIRED BY FISH FOR STREAM CONNECTIVITY ARE FEEDING HABITAT, REFUGE HABITAT, AND ______ HABITAT.

SPAWNING

TRUE OR FALSE: GPS COLLARS/TRANSMITTERS ARE BEST FOR LARGE-SCALE STUDIES WHERE A LOT OF ANIMALS NEED TO BE MARKED.

FALSE - THEY'RE EXPENSIVE, AND WHILE THEY OBTAIN LARGE SCALE DATA THROUGHOUT AN ANIMAL'S ANNUAL CYCLE, IT'S NOT TYPICALLY FEASIBLE TO ATTACH VERY MANY ANIMALS WITH GPS TRANSMITTERS.

WHAT IS ONE PRO OF "FEATURING" A THREATENED & ENDANGERED SPECIES (E.G. THE BALD EAGLE)

IT FOCUSES CONSERVATION DOLLARS ON A FEW SPECIES TO DO MORE WITH THOSE DOLLARS

IT BRINGS PEOPLES' ATTENTION TO THAT SPECIES AND RAISES AWARENESS OF ITS PLIGHT

IT PROTECTS OTHER SPECIES (UMBRELLA SP)

WHAT ARE SOME COMMON ERRORS IN WILDLIFE STUDIES/MANAGEMENT?

SMALL SCALE

THINK OF SYSTEMS AS CLOSED

NOT UNDERSTANDING LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY

OVER-SIMPLIFICATION

FAILURE TO EVALUATE MANAGEMENT IMPACTS

The geosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems TRUE/ FALSE

FALSE

_______ is an example of an accurate fish aging technique that does not result in the death of the fish

scale measurements

Observing foraging mountain goats from a distance is a non-invasive method of understanding mountain goat food habits True/False

true

The Endangered Species Act was passed in the Era of Game Management (Conservation Era) True/False

False: environmental era

Birds were hunted for their plumes for clothing and adornment during this era of wildlife management.

the market hunting era

4 big foods for Yellowstone grizzlies

moths

ungulate calves

cutthroat trout

white bark pine seeds

Areas that include vegetation, habitats, or ecosystems associated with water are known as ______.

riparian areas

If you are studying salamanders in dense forest cover, what type of trap might be best for capturing the salamanders?

drift fence/pitfall trap

fish eggs and sperm

roe and milt

The most significant impact on wildlife is

LAND CONVERSION

3 components of effective wildlife management

biota, habitat, people

____ determine wildlife management goals

Human values!

(2) Direct/active management acts on a population by:

-increasing/decreasing

-maintaining

(3) Indirect management acts on a population by:

-habitat alteration

-prey manipulation

-education/public outreach

beaver, coral, forests, woodpeckers, prairie dogs, humans, and alligators are all:

ecosystem engineers

black bear terminology (male/female, young, 4 group names)

boar/sow, cubs; sloth, pack, maul or sleuth

candidate species

species that warrant listing but are precluded by higher workload priorities

endangered

any species in danger of becoming extinct through a large portion of its range, legally declared by the US DOI

Featured Species

species selected for management emphasis because of their high value to humans, i.e. elk

fry

larval fish

habitat components, F.W. Coss

Food, Water, Cover, Oxygen, Space, Special Factors

keystone species

a species that has a significant role in determining community composition

Lindenmeier Site

local archaeological site with tools/artifacts from 11,000 years ago in Soapstone Prairie Natural Area

migratory bird treaty act

1918 preservation era, federal act and international cooperation

lacey act

1900 preservation era, prohibits trade in wildlife, fish, and plants that have been illegally taken, possessed, transported, or sold.

passive fish capture methods

gill nets, trap/fyke nets, long lines/pots/traps

active fish capture methods

seining, trawling, throw nets, electrofishing

Greenback cutthroat trout (Onocorhynchus clarkii stomias) terms:

babies, group name

-fingerlings/troutlings/troutlets, hovers

-colorado state fish, only native salmonid to south platte river basin

-threatened

3 small-medium animal traps

snap traps, sherman traps, havahart traps

drift fence

herptiles, may provide predator opportunity, check often

funnel trap

used for arboreal snakes

pitfall trap

used to capture insects

insect sheet/net collection methods

d-frame nets (water), sweep nets, beat sheet (arboreal/shrub)

berlese funnel

a trap used to separate insects from soil or leaf litter.

aspirator

used to collect insects via suction, collected into chamber with alcohol

corral traps

efficient but stressful/dangerous

clover traps

elusive animals but stressful and time consuming

darting

safe/low stress, time consuming/inefficient/approach animal

helicopter darting/netting

efficient/capture elusive animals, expensive/dangerous and stressful

netting

net guns, drop nets, mist nets, harp nets

Pitman-Robertson federal aid in wildlife restoration act

1937 conservation era, provide funding for wildlife restoration, USFWS

Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act

1940 conservation era, protection for bald and golden eagles, USFWS

Dingell-Johnson Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Act

1950 conservation era, provide funding for sport fish restoration, USFWS

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

1970 environmental era, assuring ecologically sound federal action, EPA

Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA)

1972 environmental era, protect marine mammals/bycatch, NMFS and USFWS

CITES

1973 environmental era, The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 184 parties

Endangered Species Act (ESA)

1973 environmental era, protects non-pest, native species, USFWS (DOI), NMFS (NOAA, DOC)

ESA Purpose

to protect and recover imperiled species and the ecosystems on which they depend

endangered

any species in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range

threatened

A species that could become endangered in the near future

critical habitat

specific geographic areas with physical and biological features essential to the conservation of a listed species

three phases of recovering endangered species

identification, protection, recovery

criteria for ESA listing

1. Present or threatened destruction,

modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range.

2. Over utilization for commercial, recreational, scientific,

or educational purposes.

3. Declining due to disease or predation.

4. Inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms.

5. Other natural or human-made factors affecting

existence.

ESA violation penalties

• Civil penalties up to $25,000 per violation

• Criminal penalties up to $50,000 and/or a

year in prison per violation