Biochem exam 1 maf

Starch

Homopolysac, branched, energy reserve in plants

1. Insoluble= amylopectin, branched alpha(1—>4) and alpha (1—>6)

2. Soluble= alpha-amylose, linear, alpha (1—>4)

Starch Digestion

1. Salivary Amylase

2. Pancreatic Amylase- breaks down starch into: Dextrins, Maltotriose, and Maltose

3. Intestinal Enzymes- break down dextrins further

a. Debranching enzymes

b. alpha-glucosidase

Glycogen

homopolysaccharide, branched, storage in animals

• similar to amylopectin but with more branches

Cellulose

homopolysac, linear, INSOLUBLE (fiber)

Beta (1—>4) units

Chitin

homopolysacc, linear, INSOLUBLE, insects shell and wound healing

B (1—>4)

Glycosaminoglycans

Unbranched heteropolysacc, alternating uronic acid and hexoseamine units

• Hyaluronic acid, chondroitins, and heparin

• Help cells stick together

Glycoproteins

branched heteropolysaccharides, mix of carbs and proteins

1. Glycosylated proteins

2. Proteoglycans

3. Peptidoglycans

Glycosylated proteins

heteropolysaccharide, branched, protein backbone w carb extensions

• Mucin

Proteoglycans

heteropolysacc, branched, carb backbone w protein sidechain

• ECM in humans

• cartilage strength

Peptidoglycans

in bacteria cell walls for support, linear heteropolysaccharide backbone w protein side chain that connects with others

• Lysozymes- attack peptidoglycan layer and breaks B(1—>4) bond to kill bact cell

Oxidized Monosaccharides

Adding O to Carbon 1 (-onic) or 6 (-uronic)

• inc solubility of toxins in urine (bilirubin)

Reduced monosaccharides

adding H, Polyols (lots of OH groups)

• cal free sweeteners

Deoxysugars

remove O at C 2 or 3

• Used to make DNA, help infections

Amino Sugars

-NH2 group

• lubricants for joints

Sialic Acids

cell-cell recognition

• in gangliosides and outer cells for recognition

What is the normal [HCO3-/CO2]?

20:1

Starch links

glucose+glucose

• alpha (1→4) and alpha (1→6)

Cellulose links

Glucose+Glucose

• Beta (1→4)

Chitin Links

Beta (1→4)

N-acetyl-glucosamine enzyme breaks this one

Sucrose links

glucose+fructose

• OAD(1→2)glucopyranosidase

Lactose links

glucose+fructose

• OBD(1→4)galactopyranosidase