Chapter 8 & 9 Marine Bio

What is a characteristic of all chordates

Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, bilateral symmetry. All chordates have a notochord, dorsal nerve cord, and bilateral symmetry. They also have a complete digestive system. A backbone is not universal to all chordates.

Which vertebrate group has the most species

Fishes contain the largest number of vertebrate species.

Which is an example of a jawless fish

The hagfish is a jawless fish.

What does the whale shark feed on

The whale shark feeds on plankton.

Where is the caudal fin of sharks located

The caudal fin is at the tail end.

How can bony fish swim that sharks cannot

Many bony fish can swim backwards due to flexible pectoral fins.

What are demersal fishes

Demersal fishes live on the bottom.

What do rays and skates typically feed on

Rays and skates feed on small animals that live on the bottom.

What structure do bony fish have that sharks and rays do not

Bony fish have an operculum; sharks and rays do not.

What feature is found in bony fishes but absent in cartilaginous fishes

The swim bladder is found only in bony fishes.

What is cryptic coloration

Cryptic coloration lets fishes blend with their surroundings.

What causes the bright color of many fishes

Chromatophores produce the bright color of many fishes.

What provides extra buoyancy in many sharks

The liver provides extra buoyancy in many sharks.

What are gill rakers involved in

Gill rakers filter food in filter-feeding fishes.

Where does myoglobin help store extra oxygen

Myoglobin stores extra oxygen in the muscles.

What do basking sharks feed on

Basking sharks feed on plankton.

What do fishes with a long thin bill feed on

Fishes with a long thin bill feed on very small animals.

Where does chemical digestion in fishes usually begin

Chemical digestion usually begins in the stomach.

What is the function of the liver in fishes

The liver produces bile, used in digesting fats.

How many chambers does the fish heart have

The fish heart has two chambers.

What are spiracles involved in

Spiracles let rays take in water when their mouths are buried in sediment.

What is the function of arteries

Arteries carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

What protein carries oxygen in fish blood

Hemoglobin carries oxygen in fish blood.

What is the countercurrent system involved in

The countercurrent system increases oxygen that diffuses into the blood.

What is the purpose of the lateral line

The lateral line detects vibrations.

What does the nictitating membrane of sharks do

The nictitating membrane moves across the eye.

What do anadromous fishes do

Anadromous fishes migrate from the sea to reproduce in freshwater.

What is an example of a catadromous fish

The Atlantic eel is a catadromous fish.

What is spawning by releasing gametes

Releasing gametes into the environment is external fertilization.

What are claspers involved in

Claspers are involved in copulation.

What are ovoviviparous fishes

Ovoviviparous fishes retain fertilized eggs for development.

What are most marine fishes

Most marine fishes are oviparous.

What is countershading

Open-water fish have light bellies and dark backs to blend in; this is countershading.

What group behavior is more common in bony fish

Schooling is more common in bony fish than cartilaginous fish.

What is broadcast spawning

Broadcast spawning is external fertilization.

What are fast swimmers like

Fast swimmers are elongated on the vertical plane.

Do marine amphibians exist

Marine amphibians do not exist at all.

What are all tetrapods

All tetrapods are air breathers.

What is not seen in marine reptiles

External fertilization is not seen in marine reptiles.

What is a characteristic of sea turtles

Sea turtles have a shell free from the backbone.

What do sea snakes feed mostly on

Sea snakes feed mostly on small fishes.

Where can penguins be found

Penguins can be found as far north as the Equator.

What order do seals, sea lions, and walruses belong to

Seals, sea lions, and walruses belong to Pinnipedia.

How are sea lions distinguished from seals

Sea lions have external ears.

What does the walrus feed mostly on

The walrus feeds mostly on clams.

How do we know cetaceans are mammals

Cetaceans have hair and produce milk.

Which is a toothed whale

The sperm whale is a toothed whale.

How are porpoises distinguished from dolphins

Porpoises are distinguished by their teeth.

Which marine mammal lacks blubber

The sea otter lacks blubber.

What is not a function of blubber

Circulation is not a function of blubber.

What does the gray whale feed mostly on

The gray whale feeds mostly on bottom crustaceans.

What are baleen plates like

Baleen plates are rigid with hairs all around.

What do baleen whales lack

Baleen whales lack teeth.

Which whale is a rorqual

The blue whale is a rorqual.

What does ambergris come from

Ambergris comes from undigested food.

How are whales adapted for deep diving

Whales adapt to deep diving by collapsing their lungs.

What is not an adaptation for deep diving

Lower tolerance to lactic acid is not a deep-diving adaptation.

What is apneustic breathing

Apneustic breathing means several deep breaths before exhaling and diving.

What sense does echolocation rely on

Echolocation relies on sound.

Where is echolocation present

Echolocation is present in all toothed whales.

What does the spermaceti organ do

The spermaceti organ regulates buoyancy and focuses sound waves.

What is breaching

Breaching is whales jumping above the surface.

Why do humpback whales migrate

Humpback whales migrate to reproduce in the tropics during the winter.

How is the cetacean penis reduced for drag

The penis is internal until just before copulation.

What does delayed implantation allow pinnipeds to do

Delayed implantation times birth with arrival to the breeding area.

Which mammal has the longest migrations

The gray whale has the longest migrations of any mammal.

What is true of a typical cetacean calf

A cetacean calf is born tail first.

Where is temperature-dependent sex determination seen

Temperature-dependent sex determination is seen in sea turtles.

What is not true of Emperor penguins

Emperor penguins do not live in the Arctic.

What are walrus tusks used for

Walrus tusks are used for defense and to hold onto ice.

What is the smallest marine mammal

The sea otter is the smallest marine mammal.

What is convergent evolution

Convergent evolution means similar structures from a similar lifestyle.

What is an example of convergent evolution

Dolphins and fish are an example of convergent evolution.

Which whale has a long external tusk

The narwhal has a long external tusk.

Are gulls successful near humans

Yes, gulls are scavengers and very successful near humans.

Which organisms are marine reptiles

Marine iguanas and sea snakes are marine reptiles.

Have pelicans always been common on US coasts

No, pelicans have not always been common along US coasts.

Do sea and marine otters belong to Carnivora

Yes, sea and marine otters belong to the order Carnivora.

Do all shorebirds have webbed feet

No, not all shorebirds have webbed feet.

What are tubenoses

Tubenoses are seabirds with tube-like nostrils