ETHICAL ISSUE

Abortion

refers to the termination of a pregnancy.

Abortion

It raises ethical concerns involving woman's health, reproductive autonomy, the value of human life, religious beliefs, legal restrictions.

Euthanasia

refers to deliberately ending a person's life to relieve suffering.

Euthanasia

It raises ethical questions about human dignity, suffering, patient autonomy, and the role of health professionals.

Living Wills

a document that records a person's preferences for medical treatment if they later become unable to communicate or make health care decisions.

Donation of Organs and the Body

Involves donating organs, tissues, or one's body for transplantation, medical education, or scientific research.

Donation of Organs and the Body

Ethical concerns include Informed consent, respect for the donor, family concerns, and the fair allocation of donated organs.

• The Golden Rule

• The Two-Fold Effect

• Principle of Totality

• Epikia “Exception to the Rule”

4 Guiding Principles in the Practice of Midwifery

The Golden Rule

This states that "Do unto others what you would like others to do unto you.

• Treat others according to how one would like others to treat them.

• Treat others as you would like to be treated

• Not treat others in ways one would not like to be treated

• Not treat others in ways you would not like to be treated

4 GOLDEN RULE

The Two-Fold Effect

This aims to provide specific guidelines for determining when it is ethically permissible for a human being to engage in conduct In pursuit of a good end with full knowledge that he conduct will also bring about bad results.

The Two-Fold Effect

This set of criteria states that an action having foreseen harmful effects practically inseparable from the good effect is justifiable if upon satisfactior of the following

The Two-Fold Effect

the nature of the act is itself good, or at least morally neutral

The Two-Fold Effect

the agent intends the good effect and not the bad either as a means to the good or as an end itself.

The Two-Fold Effect

the good effect outweighs the bad effect in circumstances sufficiently grave to justify causing the bad effect and the agent exercises due diligence to minimize the harm.

Principle of Totality

An individual may not dispose of his organs or destroy their capacity to function, except to the extent that this is necessary for the general well being of the whole body

Principle of Totality

Destroying an organ or interfering with its capacity to function prevents the organ from achieving its natural purpose.

Epikia "Exception to the Rule"

it means using fairness, reason, and good judgment when a strict application of a rule would be unreasonable in a particular situation.