Body systems

Circulatory System

Transports blood, nutrients, gases, and waste throughout the body.

Heart

Organ with four chambers that pumps blood through the circulatory system.

Arteries

Vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart.

Veins

Vessels that return deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Capillaries

Microscopic vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs.

Hypertension

High blood pressure, a significant risk factor for heart disease.

Atherosclerosis

The hardening of arteries due to plaque build-up.

Respiratory System

Facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide vital for cellular respiration.

Asthma

Chronic condition causing inflammation and narrowing of airways.

Digestive System

Breaks down food to absorb nutrients and eliminate waste.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Chronic acid reflux that causes heartburn.

Nervous System

Controls and coordinates body functions through electrical signals.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing memory loss.

Endocrine System

Regulates metabolic processes through hormone secretion.

Diabetes Mellitus

Insufficient insulin production or action.

Muscular System

Enables movement through contraction and provides stability and heat.

Muscular Dystrophy

Group of diseases causing progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass.

Skeletal System

Provides structural support, protects organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.

Osteoporosis

Condition where bones become weak and brittle.

Integumentary System

Protects the body, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information.

Immune System

Protects the body from pathogens and foreign substances.

Autoimmune Diseases

The immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells.

Reproductive System

Produces gametes and hormones necessary for reproduction.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Hormonal disorder causing irregular menstrual cycles.

Urinary System

Eliminates waste products and regulates body fluids and electrolytes.

Kidneys

Filter blood to produce urine, regulating electrolytes and blood pressure.

Circulatory System

Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.

Circulatory System: Arteries

vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

Circulatory System: Veins

Blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Circulatory System: Capillaries

Microscopic vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs with tissues.

Circulatory System: Blood

Fluid tissue made of red cells, white cells, platelets, and plasma.

Circulatory System: Hypertension

High blood pressure; a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Circulatory System: Atherosclerosis

Narrowing and hardening of arteries due to plaque buildup.

Circulatory System: Heart Attack & Stroke

Damage caused by blocked blood flow to the heart muscle or brain.

Respiratory System: Function

Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide for cellular respiration.

Respiratory System: Nose & Mouth

Air entryways that warm, moisten, and filter incoming air.

Respiratory System: Pharynx & Larynx

Air passages to the trachea; the larynx houses the vocal cords.

Respiratory System: Trachea

The windpipe that directs air into the bronchi of the lungs.

Respiratory System: Lungs & Alveoli

Primary breathing organs; alveoli are microscopic sacs where gas exchange occurs.

Respiratory System: Asthma

Chronic condition causing airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction.

Respiratory System: COPD

Progressive lung disease group including emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Respiratory System: Pneumonia

Lung infection that inflames alveoli and fills them with fluid.

Digestive System: Function

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste.

Digestive System: Mouth

Breaks down food mechanically by chewing and chemically with saliva.

Digestive System: Esophagus

Muscular tube that conveys swallowed food to the stomach.

Digestive System: Stomach

Secretes acids and enzymes to digest food into liquid chyme.

Digestive System: Small Intestine

Primary site of nutrient absorption, divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Digestive System: Large Intestine

Absorbs water and consolidates indigestible waste into feces.

Digestive System: GERD

Chronic acid reflux from the stomach into the esophagus causing heartburn.

Digestive System: IBS

Disorder of the large intestine causing abdominal cramps and bowel changes.

Digestive System: Celiac Disease

Autoimmune reaction to gluten that damages the small intestine.

Nervous System: Function

Controls and coordinates body functions using rapid electrical signals.

Nervous System: CNS

Central Nervous System; brain and spinal cord that process information.

Nervous System: PNS

Peripheral Nervous System; sensory and motor nerves connecting the CNS to the body.

Nervous System: Alzheimer's Disease

Progressive brain disorder leading to severe memory loss and cognitive decline.

Nervous System: Epilepsy

Neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures.

Nervous System: Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Autoimmune disease that attacks the protective myelin sheath of nerves.

Endocrine System: Function

Regulates metabolism and bodily homeostasis through hormone secretion into blood.

Endocrine System: Key Glands

Hormone-producing organs including the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and pancreas.

Endocrine System: Hormones

Chemical messengers such as insulin, cortisol, and adrenaline.

Diabetes Mellitus

Disorder of high blood sugar caused by insufficient insulin production or action.

Endocrine System: Thyroid Disorders

Conditions caused by an overactive (hyper) or underactive (hypo) thyroid gland.

Endocrine System: Cushing's Syndrome

Condition caused by abnormally high levels of the hormone cortisol.

Muscular System: Function

Enables bodily movement, maintains posture, and generates heat.

Muscular System: Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary muscle attached to bones that produces conscious movement.

Muscular System: Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle located in the walls of hollow organs like the intestines.

Muscular System: Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

Muscular System: Muscular Dystrophy

Genetic disease causing progressive muscle weakness and muscle mass loss.

Muscular System: Tendinitis

Inflammation of a tendon connecting muscle to bone, causing pain.

Skeletal System: Function

Provides structural support, protects organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.

Skeletal System: Bones

206 rigid organs categorized into long, short, and flat bones.

Skeletal System: Cartilage

Flexible connective tissue that cushions joints and reduces friction.

Skeletal System: Joints

Locations where two or more bones connect to allow movement.

Skeletal System: Osteoporosis

Condition where bones lose mineral density and become weak and brittle.

Skeletal System: Arthritis

Inflammation of one or more joints causing stiffness and pain.

Integumentary System: Function

Protects internal tissues, regulates temperature, and senses environmental stimuli.

Integumentary System: Skin

The body's largest organ, made of the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

Integumentary System: Hair & Nails

Protective keratin structures that assist in defense and sensory feedback.

Integumentary System: Sweat & Sebaceous Glands

Glands that regulate temperature via sweat and produce protective oils via sebum.

Integumentary System: Acne

Skin condition resulting from pores clogged by oil and dead skin cells.

Integumentary System: Eczema

Inflammatory skin disorder causing dry, red, and itchy patches.

Immune System: Function

Defends the body against foreign pathogens, viruses, and bacteria.

Immune System: White Blood Cells

Defensive cells (such as lymphocytes and macrophages) that destroy pathogens.

Immune System: Lymphatic System

Network including lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus that filters and transports lymph fluid.

Immune System: Autoimmune Diseases

Disorders where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy body cells (e.g., lupus).

Immune System: Allergies

Immune system overreactions to harmless environmental substances.

Reproductive System: Function

Produces sex cells (gametes) and hormones necessary for reproduction.

Reproductive System: Male Structures

Includes the testes (which produce sperm and testosterone) and the penis.

Reproductive System: Female Structures

Includes the ovaries (produce eggs and hormones), fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

Reproductive System: PCOS

Hormonal condition in females causing irregular menstrual cycles.

Reproductive System: Erectile Dysfunction

Male disorder characterized by difficulty in maintaining an erection.

Urinary System: Function

Filters blood to remove waste products, balance electrolytes, and regulate fluid volume.

Urinary System: Kidneys

Organs that filter metabolic waste from blood to form urine.

Urinary System: Ureters

Ducts that convey urine downward from the kidneys to the bladder.

Urinary System: Bladder

Hollow muscular reservoir that stores urine until excretion through the urethra.

Urinary System: UTIs

Bacterial infections affecting any part of the urinary tract.

Urinary System: Kidney Stones

Hard crystallized mineral deposits in the kidneys that cause acute pain.