Sociology Test 2

Group

A number of people who share common characteristics; may not have never met; race, religion, gender

2 or more people interacting

Social Group

A combination of two or more people who identify with and interact with one another to achieve a goal

Goal-oriented

Ingroup

A group that you belong to and identify with

Outgroup

Any group you do not belong to

Reference Group

A collection of people that individuals use as a standard of comparison to evaluate their own behaviors, values, and self-images

Group Leadership

Involves how groups structurally operate in relation to status-role (chain of command) and rules

Authoritarian

Power in a leader (Dictatorship) or a small elite

Democratic

Rule by consensus (vote)

Laissez Faire

Leave it to the people selected to participate in the process

Leader does not get involved

Group Conformity

The process of promoting compliance to establish social norms or culture by influencing the behaviors of members

Asch’s Research/Experiment

How people are pressured to conform/fit in

Have a choice

Milgram’s Research

Tests to see obedience

Have no choice, have to follow orders/rules

Dyad

2 people

Triad

3 people

Bureaucracy

• A hierarchy of authority

• Clear division of labor

• Explicit rules and procedures

Organization

Institutional structure that is operated through Bureaucracy

Coercive

Forced association

Jail/Prison

Utilitarian

Join in to obtain material rewards sought

Employer, Company, Sports, School

Sex

Biological definition based on possession of sex-organ at birth

Gender

What you see (Male or Female)

Social Control

The attempt by social groups/society to regulate people’s thoughts and behaviors in order to encourage conformity to rules and laws

Discourage deviance and chaos

Informal Social Control

Operates through everyday social interactions and relationships. Family and friends influence behavior

Formal Social Control

Involves laws, law enforcement, and courts that enforce rules and punish violations

Governism

Republican and Democrat preference

Biological Theory

Genetics- Inherited physical and functional characteristics are passed from parent to offspring through genes

Substance- Substance use and addiction are a chronic, relapsing disease rather than a moral failing or psychological choice

Freud’s Personality Traits

Id: Pleasure-seeking human drives

Ego: Effort to balance the Id and Superego

Superego: Demands of society in the form of internalized values

Deviance: Any behavior or belief that violates social norms

Durheim Anomic Model

Normlessness/Lawlessness

Weak Moral Values/Superego

Governism- Political culture and lack of concequences for breaking the law or weak lack of enforcemnt of laws

Merton’s Modes of Adaptation to blocked or unavailable legitimate opportunities to achieve goals

Conformity- Cultural Goals and Legitimate Means Accepted

• People pursue culturally approved goals through socially acceptable ways

Innovation- Cultural Goals Accepted, Legitimate Means Not

• People embrace society’s goals but reject legitimate pathways

Rebellion- Cultural Goals and Legitimate Means Rejected and Replaced

• People reject both existing goals and means to get them, seek to overthrow social system

Law of Imitation

Social behavior, language, art, and criminal behavior spreads through society like waves

Social Bonding Theory

Human deviance is natural or driven by self-interest

People are only law-abiding when they are stuck to society through strong social bonds

Labeling Theory

People labeled as deviant internalize the label and continue engaging in that behavior due to stigma and limited opportunties

Racism

Belief in the superiority of one race over the other

Racialism

Preference for one’s own race

Stealth Racism

Ethnicism

Sexism

Belief in the superiority of one sex over the other