A&P Quiz 4/5

phonation

production of voice through action of the vocal folds in relation to the air stream

vocal folds

what is the sound source for voiced speech?

energy

you cannot have sound without____?

vocal folds/ vocal cords

sound/vibratory source

energy/power source

lungs/air/respiration

epiglottis down to your trachea

what is your larynx?

biological functions

-gateway for breathing

-protects the lungs

-expels foreign substances from the lungs

-stabilizes the thoracic cavity for power in lifting or pushing

learned function

-voices/phonates for speech production

voiced phoneme

speech sounds made with a voiced component

voiceless phoneme

speech sounds made without a voiced component

characteristics of the larynx for infants

-sits higher than C4

-narrow and high

-laryngeal cartilages are pliable which can cause stridor

-1/3 the size of adult larynx

characteristics of the larynx for adults

-adjacent to C4-C6

-average length in males is 44mm

-average length in females is 36mm

unpaired cartilages of the larynx

-epiglottis

-thyroid cartilage

-cricoid cartilage

epiglottis

leaf shape, covers the airway during swallowing

thyroid cartilage

-largest laryngeal cartilage

-rocks back and forth at cricothyroid joint

-articulates with the hyoid bone

cricoid cartilage

-ring shaped

-attaches to trachea

paired cartilages of the larynx

-arytenoid cartilage

-corniculate cartilage

-cuneiform cartilage

arytenoid cartilages

posterior point of attachment for the vocal folds, found at the upper surface of the cricoid cartilage

corniculate cartilages

found on the superior surface of each arytenoid cartilage

cuneiform cartilage

provides rigidity for the vocal folds, found in the aryepiglottic folds

-we cannot see them

hyoid bone

-U shaped
-”floating” only bone not connected to another bone

-attached to the tongue

-connects tongue to thyroid cartilage

-23 other muscles attach to it

cricothyroid joint

-synovial joint: rocking, gliding, rotation

-creates changes in pitch by hinging

cricoarytenoid joint

-synovial joint rocking, gliding, rotation

-adduction of the vocal folds

-changes in vocal fold length

“adams apple”

thyroid notch

laminae

flat surfaces of thyroid cartilage

horn

cornu

1. bands of mucous membranes

2. connective tissue

3. thyrovocalis muscle

what are the layers of your vocal folds

Ligaments connecting the larynx to the hyoid bone

-Lateral Thyrohyoid Ligament

-Median thyrohyoid Ligament

-Thyrohyoid Membrane

connections of the epiglottis

-hyoepiglottic ligament

-thyroepiglotic ligament

connections of the tongue and epiglottis

-lateral glossoepiglottic ligaments

-median glossoepiglottic ligaments

tongue, hyoid, and thyroid

the epiglottis is connected to what?

by the cricotracheal ligament

how does the larynx connect to the trachea?

-the ligament is thicker

-the membrane is a covering

how is a ligament different from a membrane?

breathing

what is the biological function of the larynx?

protects the lungs by closing when we swallow.

what is the secondary function of the larynx?

-thryovocalis

-thyromuscularis

what makes up the thyroarytenoid muscle?

thyromuscularis

which of the thyroarytenoid muscles is bigger?

-attached to thyroid cartilage anteriorly

-attached to arytenoid cartilage posteriorly

-folds move in and out of the airstream to create sound

-muscles adduct and abduct the folds to control sound production

vocal folds

-adductors

-abductors

-glottal tensors

-relaxers

-auxiliary musculature

what are the intrinsic muscles?

intrinsic

have origin and insertion within the larynx

adductors

brings vocal folds together

abductors

brings vocal folds apart

glottal tensors

increases the tightness of the vocal folds and increase the pitch

relaxers

loosen the vocal folds and makes the pitch lower

auxiliary musculature

helpers, support, stabilize

-elevators of the hyoid & larynx

-depressors of the larynx

what are the extrinsic muscle?

extrinsic muscles

the origin is within the larynx and the insertion is outside the larynx

elevators of the hyoid & larynx

-lift up hyoid & larynx

-”suprahyoid” because they are above the hyoid bone

depressors of the larynx

-pull the hyoid & larynx back and down

-”infrahyoid” because they are below the hyoid bone

quiet breathing

abduction of about 8 mm in adults

forced respiration

abduction of about 16mm in adults

tissues along the respiratory tract are irritated or invaded by an object a

why do we cough?

vagus nerve sensory branch triggers the mechanical response of the vocal volds

how do we cough?

-to much tension

• strain on vocals folds, vocal nodules, vocals abuse

-to little tension

• ineffective cough

what can go wrong with the cough or ability to throat clear?

-lifting/pushing

-valsalva maneuver

abdominal fixation

valsalva maneuver

1. Large inspiratory breath

2. tight adduction of the vocal folds

3. results is the thorax becomes a rigid frame from which the forces of lifting are transferred to the legs

swallowing protection

-Larynx elevates

-epiglottis folds down to cover the entrance to the larynx

-aryepiglottic folds tense which adduct the vocal folds

vibration

movement possible by elasticity, stiffness, and inertia

elasticity

return to original state after being displaced

stiffness

strength of elasticity after being displaced

interia

property that causes “a body in motion tends to stay in motion”

pitch

tone produced by vibration

Bernoulli effect

given a constant volume flow of air or fluid, at a point of constriction there is a decrease in pressure perpendicular to the flow and an increase in velocity of the flow

frequency

(Hz) how many repetitive cycles of vibration per second

Intensity

(dB) loudness and amplitude of the waveform

sustained phonation

holding the vocal folds in the air stream for vibration

• “a-a-a-a-a-a-a”

termination of phonation

abducting the vocal folds to stop phonation

• taking vocal folds out of airflow

simultaneous vocal attack

adduction and onset of respiration

• air starts flowing at the same time vocal folds start vibrating

• most healthy

breathy attack

airflow comes before adducting the vocal folds

• pushing out air before you start phonation

glottal attacks

adduction of the vocal folds comes before onset of respiration

• hard attacks

• damges vocal folds

vocal register

a mode of vocal fold vibration

modal voice (register)

the pattern of phonation used in daily conversation

glottal fry

pulse register

• low in pitch, rough sounding

falsetto

highest register of phonation

whispering

non phonatory

• no vibration in the vocal folds is created despite tension in the larynx

• partially adducted and tensed vocal folds that develop turbulence

length, tension, elastic qualities

what can we impact to change our pitch?

1. cricothyroid

2. thyrvocalis

what two muscles are most important for pitch change?

optimal pitch

the frequency of vocal fold vibration that is most appropriate for a specific individual

habitual pitch

the frequency of vocal fold vibration that is typically used by an individual

average fundamental frequency

habitual pitch over a longer sustained period of speech production

pitch range

the range of fundamental frequency for an individual

increase vocal intensity

-increased air flow from the lungs increase the vigor of the vocal fold movement

-increased strength required in the vocal folds

decreased vocal intensity

-decreased air flow from the lungs decreases vocal fold movement

-less strength required in the vocal folds

intonation

changes in pitch during speech

stress

syllable or word emphasis relative to an utterance

aphonia

complete loss of voice

dysphonia

reduction in vocal function

edema

swelling

paralysis

complete loss or function

paresis

partial loss of muscle function

laryngeal trauma

caused by some type of accident

neoplasm

new tissue that doesnt belong

cancer

malignant tissue

vocal nodules

callous like mass from vocal abuse

contact ulcers

granular tissue sacs

vocal polyps

reinke’s edema, blister

hemangiomma

vascularized blood-filled sacs

a. superior ‘cornu’ horn

b. inferior ‘cornu’ horn

d. thyroid notch

a. epiglottis

b. thyroid cartilage

c. cricoid cartilage

d. arynteniod cartilage

e. corniculate cartilage

f. hyoid bone