Lecture 7: Organization of the Nervous System

Telencephalon is AKA __________.

cerebrum.

Diencephalon includes:

thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus.

Brainstem includes:

midbrain, pons, medulla

Largest portion of the human brain.

telencephalon.

Telencephalon surface is complex with __________ and __________ allowing for more tissue to fit in a smaller volume.

gyri, suilci.

Bulges in telencephalon.

gyri.

Grooves in telencephalon.

sulci.

Two hemispheres of the telencephalon is connected by the:

corpus callosum.

Corpus callosum contains millions of __________ __________.

neuronal axons.

Deep __________ landmarks are used to distinguish the major lobes of the telencephalon.

fold.

Four lobs of the telencephalon:

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal.

Lobe responsible for voluntary motor activity, speech, and thought.

frontal lobe.

Lobe responsible for receiving and processing sensory input.

parietal lobe.

Primary visual cortex.

occipital lobe.

Primary auditory cortex.

temporal lobe.

Integration of neural input and output occurs in the __________ __________.

gray matter.

Gray matter is predominantly neuronal cell __________, __________ and __________ cells.

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and glial cells.

Three regions of gray matter:

cerebral cortex, basal nuclei (ganglia), limbic system.

The __________ __________ is the outer layer of the cerebrum (gray matter region).

cerebral cortex.

The __________ __________ (__________) is internally localized, and involved in movement control (gray matter region).

basal nuclei (ganglia).

The __________ __________ links higher cognitive function with emotional responses (gray matter region).

limbic system.

The limbic system contains __________ and __________.

amygdala and hippocampus.

The __________ is part of the limbic system that is responsible for expression of emotion.

amygdala.

The __________ is the part of the limbic system that forms memories.

hippocampus.

Signals in the cerebrum are transmitted by __________ __________.

white matter.

White matter is predominantly __________ __________ __________.

myelinated nerve fiber.

The __________ is important in balance, planning & executing voluntary movement.

cerebellum.

The cerebellum does NOT directly influence __________ neurons.

effector.

The 3 distinct parts of the cerebellum responsible for subconscious control:

vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum.

The __________ is the part of the cerebellum that maintains balance and controls eye movement.

vestibulocerebellum.

The __________ is the part of the cerebellum that enhances muscle tone & coordinates skilled, voluntary movements; compares intent vs. response and corrects errors.

spinocerebellum.

The __________ is the part of the cerebellum that provides input to cortical motor areas and stores procedural memories.

cerebrocerebellum.

More individual neurons are in the __________ than the in the rest of the brain.

cerebellum.

__________ lies between the brainstem and cerebrum.

diencephalon.

Diencephalon includes:

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

The thalamus is a __________ structure.

paired.

The thalamus is the main integrating station for __________ input bound for the cortex.

sensory.

The __________ gives rise to conscious perception.

thalamus.

The thalamus has control of __________ and __________ functions.

arousal, memory.

The __________ has an important role in positively reinforcing voluntary motor control.

thalamus.

The hypothalamus is directly connected to the __________ __________ in the brainstem.

ANS nuclei.

The hypothalamus acts as part of the __________ system.

endocrine.

The hypothalamus releases hormones that regulate the __________ __________.

anterior pituitary.

The hypothalamus has neurons that project to __________ __________.

posterior pituitary.

The hypothalamus regulates __________ functions.

homeostatic.

The __________ includes the pineal gland and habenular nucleus.

epithalamus.

The epithalamus connects the __________ __________ to other parts of the brain.

limbic system.

The __________ regulates circadian rhythms.

epithalamus.

The __________ is the autonomic control center.

hypothalamus.

The hypothalamus is the center for __________ response.

emotional.

The hypothalamus regulates body __________.

temperature.

The __________ regulates food intake, thirst, and water balance.

hypothalamus.

The __________ regulates the sleep-wake cycle.

hypothalamus.

The __________ is the oldest and most primitive part of the brain.

brainstem.

The brainstem consists of:

midbrain, pons, and medulla.

The brainstem is the origin of the majority of the __________ __________ __________.

12 cranial nerves (part of the PNS).

All ingoing and outgoing fibers pass through the __________.

brainstem.

Most ingoing and outgoing fibers synapse in the __________ for processing,

brainstem.

There are lots of __________ located in the brainstem.

nuclei.

Very few ingoing/outgoing fibers pass through the brainstem without __________.

synapsing.

The primary function of the midbrain is __________ __________ __________.

eye movement control.

The cranial nerves that originate in the midbrain are:

CN III (oculomotor)
CN IV (trochlear)

CN III is the __________ nerve.

oculomotor.

CN IV is the __________ nerve.

trochlear.

The midbrain is also involved in relaying __________ and __________ reflexes.

auditory, visual.

The __________ acts primarily as a relay station between the cerebellum and cerebrum.

pons.

The pons acts primarily as a relay station between the __________ and __________.

cerebellum and cerebrum.

The pons regulates __________.

mastication (chewing).

The cranial nerves originating from the pons:

CN V (trigeminal)
CN VI (abducens)
CN VII (facial)
CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)

Cranial nerve that regulates mastication, and receives sensory input from scalp, face, mouth, and nose:

CN V (trigeminal).

Cranial nerve that regulates eye movement:

CN VI (abducens)

Cranial nerve that controls facial muscles:

CN VII (facial).

Cranial nerve that receives sensory input from ears for hearing and balance:

CN VIII (vestibulocochlear).

Pons works with __________ to regulate breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion.

medulla.

The organization of the __________ is similar to the spinal cord.

medulla.

The __________ is the first CNS way station for sensory input from ear (hearing & balance).

medulla.

The medulla works with __________ to regulate breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, & digestion.

pons.

The cranial nerves that originate from the medulla:

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

CN X (vagus)
CN XI (accessory)
CN XII (hypoglossal).

The cranial nerves from the medulla that work with pons to regulating breathing, blood pressure, heart rate, & digestion:

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
CN X (vagus)

The cranial nerve in the medulla for somatic control of the muscles of the neck:

CN XI (accessory).

The cranial nerve in the medulla for somatic control of the tongue:

CN XII (hypoglossal).

__________ are diffuse collections of nerve cell bodies.

nuclei.

Nuclei govern many of the basic __________ of life.

processes.

Nuclei have profuse __________ into the superior and inferior aspects of the CNS.

branching.

The spinal cord exits from the base of the __________ and is enclosed by the __________ __________.

skull; vertebral column.

The spinal cord has ____ segments, each with a motor and sensory root that converge to form a __________ __________.

31; spinal nerve.

The roots and nerves that form from spinal cord segments are in the __________.

PNS.

The spinal cord itself ends around __________, but spinal nerves continue along the vertebral column and exit at their appropriate space.

L1-L2,

The spinal nerves that pass L1-L2 and continue along the vertebral column are called the __________ __________.

cauda equina.

Spinal nerve, before joining the spinal cord, divides into two branches called __________.

roots (dorsal, ventral).

___________ _________ are the short axons from afferent fibers (incoming) traveling to the spinal cord.

dorsal root.

The cell bodies of the afferent fibers are located in the __________ __________ __________.

dorsal root ganglion.

__________ __________ contains the axons of the efferent fibers (outgoing).

ventral root.

Cell bodies of the ventral root are located in the __________ __________ of the spinal cord.

gray matter.

The __________ __________ of the spinal cord is centrally located, butterfly shaped, and surrounded by white matter.

gray matter.

The gray matter of the spinal cord is functionally organized, and divided into __________, __________ and __________ horns.

dorsal, ventral, and lateral.

The __________ horn of gray matter contains cell bodies of the interneurons on which afferent neurons terminate.

dorsal.

The dorsal horn of gray matter receives ____________________and projects to other parts of the CNS.

sensory input.

The __________of gray matter contains cell bodies of autonomic (efferent) nerve fibers supplying cardiac and smooth muscles and the exocrine gland.

lateral.

The lateral horn of gray matter projects to __________.

viscera.