IMMUNO TEST 3 CLINICAL ABDOMEN+ PELVIC

how many mammary glands are in the cat? which one is absent?

4, the cranial thoracic is absent

what is the most common site for abdominal incisions? why?

Linea alba, bc it is relatively avascular compared to the surrounding muscles and it holds sutures well

where does closure happens when an incision into the abdomen deviates to the side of the Linea alba during celiotomy (incision in abdominal cavity)

• closure begins with the closure of the superficial leaf (external) of the rectus sheath

  • superficial leaf is the holding layer for the stutures as it present throughout the length of the abdomen

where does traumatic rupture of the diaphragm usually happen?

in the muscular portion, typically one of the costal parts

what is abdominocentesis? what purpose is it for?

removal of fluid from the peritoneal cavity in the abdomen (happens in disease states)

• can be for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes

central tendon in the diaphragm is always there. T/F? why or why not?

F

• can be missing or underdeveloped in congenital peritoneopericatdial hernia

what ligaments can be incised with the Linea alba during celiotomy

• falciform and median ligament of the bladder

why is the greater omentum important? what does it do during inflammation or injury at the peritoneum

for organ defense of the abdominal cavity

• it adheres to the site of inflammation for protection- this can be used in surgery by suturing weakened viscera (enterotomy sites) to provide blood supply and facilitate sealing of leaks

what is gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV)

• stomach fills with gas and can twist on its long axis, pulling the spleen with it

  • can cause enough vascular compromise to the spleen such that it must be removed when the torsion is corrected

what is the consequence of GDV? what surgery do you need?

• can cause circulatory failure (varying degrees)

• requires emergency surgery to replace the stomach to its normal position and restore BF

• gastropexy is usually performed as well to secure the pyloric part of the stomach to the right body wall or last rib

what does the mesoduodenum serve as

anatomical retractor to retract the viscera to the left in order to explore the right lumbar area during a celiotomy

what is the duodenocolic fold a landmark for?

• used during “running the bowl” during celiotomy

what can cause pancreatitis?

• rough handling of the pancreas during exploratory celiotomy

where do string foreign bodies tend to lodge and erode?

• through the mesenteric border of the jejunum

where are the enterotomies performed?

performed along the anti-mesenteric border of of the jejunum to preserve the intestinal blood supply

Most common part of SI involved in the intussusception ?

ileum- either the ileocolic or the cecocolic

what do we do to the descending colon during celiotomy

• its held so that the descending mesocolon can be used as an anatomical retractor to retract viscera to the tight exploration of the left lumbar area

LI in cats

• relatively short and cecum is overlooked as it is short and comma shaped

• as a result the ileocecal fold is short as the ileum

why is the anatomical loc. of the uterer in relation to the uterus important?

• bc accidental ligation of the uterer during ovariohysterectomy would be a disaster

Kidney in cat

• more pendulous and easier to palpate

• also large subscapular veins on the cortical surface tha converge to the renal vein at the hilus

what does the arcading and anastomosing jejunal aa arrangement allow for?

• allows for maintenance of blood supply during an intestinal resection and anastomosis

anomalies in the portal vein where the PV directly joins the caudal vena cava r called?

• portosystemic shunts

  • often result in serious clinical syndromes that can be intra or extrahepatic

how to observe caudal vena cava

• perforating the greater omentum and looking dorsally between the 2 walls, where extrahepatic portosystemic shunts typically occur

what can happen at the epiploic foramen

• sometimes the intestines can go up through this opening and can get strangulated

• rare in small animals but more common in the horse

how do inguinal hernias occur

• through or besides the inguinal canal

breakdown of the pelvic diaphragm m. (specifically the levator ani m.) can result in?

perineal hernia

what can happen to the paranal sinuses in domestic dogs

• can frequently become plugged or abscessed

• may require digital expression

important landmark for perineal hernia repair and sacculectomy?

• external anal sphincter m

prostate gland size?

• varies in size n shape but normally has a mid-dorsal groove which is palpatable through digital rectal exam

• can become enlarged in older intact males (benign prostatic hyperplasia) in response to hormones or cancer

  • large prostate= may have trouble urinating/ defecating

urinary bladder in cats

• long, tubular neck so that the body and apex are located in the caudoventral abdomen even when empty

• junction of the ureathra n bladder is defined by the proximal border of the striated urtheralis m

• 
  

tomcat prostrate

• located at the beginning of the pelvic urethra

• DOES NOT surround the pelvic urethra and does not enlarge much with age

cat bulbourethral glands

• absent in dogs

• well developed in intact cats

• dorsolateral to the pelvic urethra at the ischiatic arch

what does a spay mean

ovariohysterectomy is done (OHE)

• suspensory ligament is broken

• broad ligament with ovarian and uterine vessels are ligated and transected along with the uterus/uterine vessels and the ovaries and uterus as far caudal as the cervix are removed

what should you NOT do during a urinary Cathererization

• dont put the passage into the clitoral fossa

• instead speculum should be directed dorsally to miss the clitoral fossa

cats ovarian bursa? Mesophinx? vestibular bulbs

• ovarian bursa is more open

• mesophinx doesn’t accumulate fat

  • uterine tube is easily identified and followed from the infundibulum to the uterus

• cat does not have vestibular bulbs as the dog does, but has major vestibular glands (not in dog) that produce mucous secretion to lubricate the vestibule during estrus

casteration types

• open or closed depending on the parietal vaginal tunic is incised or not

retained testis

can be uni or bi lateral

• this is when the testis do not descend into the scrotum during development

• they will often be found in the inguinal canal or within the abdomen

• will need to be removed as they can become cancerous

• if have retained testis, animals should not be bred as its an inherited trait

cremaster m in cats

• poorly developed so it can be difficult to identify grossly

• note the location of the cat vs dog

  • cat testis are located in a perineal position and the scrotum is covered by fur

what does the os penis restrict

• bc of os penis shape, it restricts the ability of the penile urethra to dilate

• bc of that urinary stones (calculi) from the bladder can accumulate just caudal to the penile bone

penis structure in cats

• points in caudal direction

• glans penis is cushion of erectile tissue on the tip of the penis

  • covered with keratinized, proximally directed penile spines ( in sexually mature cats)

    • dependent on testosterone development and will atrophy after castration

cats are induced ovulators?

yepp

feline urological syndrome

• urinary blockage - common in male cats

internal pudenal a in cat

• arises much farther caudally

  • makes internal iliac longer

• internal puedenal of cat travels medially to the muscles near the surface of the rectum