Anatomy Ch. 5 vocab 1

axial skeleton

bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body

appendicular skeleton

bones of the limbs and girdles

skeletal system

the internal framework of the body, made up of 206 bones in adults alongside cartilage, ligaments, and tendons

compact bone

dense; looks smooth and homogeneous

spongy bone

small needle-like pieces of bone and lots of open space

long bones

longer than they are wide, typically have a shaft with heads at both ends, Mostly compact bone, Includes all bones of the limbs, except the wrist and ankle bones

short bones

generally cube-shaped, Contain mostly spongy bone, Includes bones of the wrist and ankle

flat bones

thin, flattened and usually curved, Have 2 thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them. Includes most bones of the skull, ribs, and sternum

irregular bone

bones that do not fit one of the preceding categories, Examples:  vertebrae, hyoid and hip bones 

diaphysis

(shaft); makes up most of the bone’s length and composed of compact bone

periostenum

protects the long bone; is a fibrous connective tissue membrane

perforating

 secure the periosteum to the bone

sharpey’s fibers

 secure the periosteum to the bone

epiphyses

 ends of the long bone; each consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area of spongy bone

articular cartilage

covers the external surface of the epiphysis; glassy hyaline cartilage; creates a smooth, slippery surface that decreases friction at joint surfaces

epiphyseal line

shows where the epiphyseal plate once was

epiphyseal plate

 seen in a young, growing bone; cause the lengthwise growth of a long bone; the end of puberty causes the plates to be replaced by bone, leaving only the line

yellow marrow

in adults:  the cavity of the shaft is mainly a storage area for adipose tissue

medullary cavity

in adults:  the cavity of the shaft is mainly a storage area for adipose tissue

red marrow

in infants:  this area forms blood cells

bone markings

 surfaces of bones are not smooth, Shows where tendons, ligaments, muscles, blood vessels and nerves are attached/pass.

osteocytes

mature bone cell

lacunae

 tiny cavities within the matrix

lamellae

 lacunae arranged in concentric circles around a central (HAVERSION) canal.

central canals

a tiny, fluid-filled channel that runs the entire length of the spinal cord

osteon

the fundamental functional and structural units of compact (cortical) bone

haversion system

the fundamental functional and structural units of compact (cortical) bone

canaliculi

tiny canals that radiate outward from the central canals to all lacunae.  This nutrient system form a transportation system that connect all bone cells to the nutrient supply bones are WELL-NOURISHED despite the hardness of the matrix.

volkmanns canal

right angles of the communication path

ossification

the biological process of bone formation where specialized cells called osteoblasts lay down new bone tissue

osteoblasts

a specialized cell responsible for forming new bone tissue

osteoclasts

a specialized type of large, multi-nucleated bone cell that breaks down and resorbs old or damaged bone tissue

bone remodeling

a continuous, lifelong process where old or damaged bone tissue is broken down and replaced with fresh, healthy new bone

rickets

a childhood bone disorder that causes bones to become soft, weak, and deformed

fractures

a broken bone, representing a partial or complete break in the continuity of the bone structure

reduction

the act of making something smaller, less, or simpler in size, amount, or degree

hematoma

a localized collection of mostly clotted blood that forms outside of blood vessels, usually caused by a damaged artery, vein, or capillary

fibrocartilage callus

a temporary bridge of tissue that forms across a bone fracture during the healing process.

bony callus

a hard, temporary bridge of woven bone that forms around a bone fracture during the healing process to stabilize the broken pieces