All of Unit 2 Human Geo

age cohort

A group of people born in the same time period usually grouped into intervals of 5-10 years

Agricultural Density

The number of farmers per unit of arable land

Anti Natalist Policies

Prohibitive towards birth and promotes/forces birth control or punishes through financial means.

Pro Natalist Policies

They want and encourage large families to combat against delcining/aging populations

Arithmetic Density

The number of people per unit of area

Census

A survey given to count the offical amount of people in an area and provides valuable data like ethincity,demographics, and economic wel being

Contraception

Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring

Crude Birth Rate

The total number of live births in one year for every 1000 people alive in a society.

Crude Death Rate

Number of deaths per 1000 people each year

Demographic Transition

Population stages like 1,2,3,and 4

Stage 1

Low population growth, CBR ans CDR are both very high (Not found in the modern world today)

Stage 2

High Growth, CDR decreases and CBR stays the same,countries moved into this stage because of medical revolution (LDC's)/ industrial revolution(MDC's).

Stage 3

Moderate Growth, CBR begins to decrease but CDR is still falling, not at a crazy rate like in stage 2 though

Stage 4

Low growth, CBR declines and NIR begins to move closer to zero or can even be negative.

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics and how it changes over time

Dependency Ratio

Compares the amount of working people vs non working people to see effects like higher or lower CBR and CDR

Ecumene

The amount of land permanelty inhabited on earth's surface

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. This caused more food, higher income levels, and pushed european countries into Stage 2 of the demographic transition model.

Infant Mortality Rate

The number of deaths of infants aged 1 year or younger pero 1000 births.

Life Expectancy

A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live, this can change depending on how well developed your country is.

Medical Revolution

Medical technology invented. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives. Pushed the rest of the world into stage 2.

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage by which a population grows in a year

Overpopulation

too many people in one place for the resources available

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

Population agglomeration

When populations cluster around cities and have suburbs and cities

Population Pyramids

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. Different population pyramids can reprsent the different stages each country is in.

Replacement Fertility

The total fertility rate at which women would have only enough children to replace themselves and their partner.

sex ratio

the ratio of males to females in a population

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

zero population growth

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

Examples of Population Policies

access to birth control, give women better access to education and better paying jobs, offer economic incentives to couples

Where do humans tend to avoid?

Too dry, Too wet, Too cold, too high

Malthusian Theory

The theory that population grows faster than food supply

Brain Drain

the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries, usually they are being drained to places that are MDC's.

Chain Migration

pattern of migration that develops when migrants move along and through kinship links

Circulation

short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that happen on a regular basis and do not permanently relocate a person's residence

Counter Urbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs

Emigration

movement of individuals out of an area

Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Guest worker

a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

Internal Migration

permanent movement within the same country

International migration

permanent move from one country to another

Interregional migration

movement from one region of a country to another

intervening obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

intervening opportunity

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

intra regional migration

moving w/in 1 region

-ex: Hollywood to Hallandale

migration

A movement from one country or region to another

migration transition model

says-countries in stage 1 of DTM have internal migration

-most sending countries are in stages 2-3 (international emigration)

-most receiving countries are in stages 3-4(int'l immigration)

net migration (net in/out migration)

-(Net out)arrivals exceed departures (including internal migrants)

• (Net in)departures exceed arrivals

Push factors

a factor that causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region

pull factors

Factors that induce people to move to a new location. (Job opportunities)

quota

a law or government policy that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

undocumented immigrant

a person who has come to the United States to live and work without the required legal papers

Voluntary Migration

Movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to locate to a new area- the opposite of forced migration

Asylum seeker

a person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another.

counter migration

the likelihood that as many as 25% of all migrants will return to their place of origin (return migration)

displaced person

someone who is forced to leave his or her home, community, or country

preadaptation

a complex of adaptive traits and skills possessed by a group in advance of migration. These existing traits give the immigrant group a natural survival ability and a competitive advantage when occupying a new, similar physical environment.

step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

transnational migration

regular movement of a person between two or more countries resulting in a new cultural identity

Zelinsky Migration Transition Model

Ravensteins Laws

most migrants go a short distance; Most international migrants are men; Most immigrants are young adults; Families rarely migrate outside their country; Most immigrants migrate for economic reasons

Economic Processes

Activities related to production, distribution, and consumption.

Social Processes

take place through actions of people in institutions and other social units

Political Processes

related to the acquisition of governmental power and influencing governmental decision-making.

Refugee Vs Asylum seekers

A refugee has already gained legal clearance to live in a different country and an asylum seeker is looking to become a refugee but is not completely processed yet.

US migration history

1st major peak: 1840's-1850s Migrants from european countries because of potatoe famine and 1848 revolution.

2nd Major Pek 1870-1880 Migrants from northern/western europe and scandinavia

3rd Major Peak:1890-1930Eastern/Southern europe because of persections for religion and political instability.

2nd Era of migration 1970's-present Asia/latin america