BOTC Test 4

sunlight

What is the source of all energy?

glucose

Breakdown of ____ dominates energy production in animals

more oxidized

metabolites are ___ ____ than nutrient sugar (glucose)

pick up a proton

molecules gaining an electron often __ __ __ at the same time

oxidizing agent

electron acceptor

NADH and NADPH are activated ___ of high energy electrons and H+

e, H+

NADH and NADPH can both pick up 2 __ and ___

stage 1 of metabolism

stage of metabolism where digestion takes place through HCl in the stomach and enzymes in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine

stage 2 of metabolism

stage of metabolism that begins in the cytosol

glycolysis, cytoplasm

stage 2 of metabolism is a ___ reaction that occurs in the ____

2 molecules of ATP (carriers energy) and NADH (carriers electrons)

stage 2 of metabolism generates 2 carriers. What are they?

mitochondria

pyruvates are transported to the ___ in metabolism stage 3

stage 3 of metabolism

stage of metabolism where the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain take place

electrons

___ (high energy) released to electron transport system

CO2 and H2O

Name the two overall products of sugar metabolism

NADH and NADPH

Name the two reduced carriers

hydrogenation

reaction that adds H+

dehydrogenation

reaction that removes H+

reducing agent

electron donor

loss of electrons is oxidation

LEO

gain of electrons is reduction

GER

more oxidized

during glycolysis, the rxn products are ___ ___ through pathway

loss electrons to carriers

the products of glycolysis do not reaction with oxygen atoms, but __ ___ ______ ___

spontaneous

some steps of glycolysis are not?

high energy phosphate bonds

phosphates from ATP added to intermediates form ___ ___ ___ ___

ATP of 2

overall glycolysis yields a net ___ ___ __

glucose + 2ATPto 2 NADH + 4ATP + 2 pyruvate

give the overall glycolysis equation

NADH, ATP

the net energy outcome of glycolysis is 2 ___ and ___

-3.0 kcal/mol

what is the overall DeltaG of steps 6 and 7?

rxns 6 and 7

Which 2 glycolysis rxns demonstrate coupling?

fermentation

anaerobic ATP production through glycolysis where NADH is reoxidized

enzyme complex

a pyruvate is a substrate of __ ___

into the mitochondria

pyruvates are transported __ __ __ during metabolism stage 3

acetyl CoA

during metabolism stage 3, the enzyme complex converts pyruvate to __ __ in the mitochondria

citric acid cycle

fatty acids enter the energy pathway during the __ __ __

cleaved

fatty acids are __ when needed for energy

2

How many acetyl CoA does this rxn generate

end product of glycolysis

a pyruvate is the __ __ __ __

eukaryotes in mitochondria

the most ATP is produced and the most oxidation of nutrients occurs in __ __ __

6 carbon citric acid

During the citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA 2 carbons which are added to 4 carbon molecule (oxaloacetate) and results in

GTP

Carrier molecule used in citric acid cycle that is similar to ATP and carriers energy as high energy phosphoanhydride bonds

FAD

carrier molecules used in citric acid cycle that is similar to NAD+ and NADP+ that carriers electrons as hydride ion (H-)

NADH, NADPH, FADH2

The electron transport chain (ETC) is where __, ___, and ___ release their e

regulation

__ is important because the cell decides whether to make more energy or produce more important molecules

8

how many steps does the citric acid cycle

10

how many steps does glycolysis have?

gluconeogenesis

new glucose synthesized from pyruvate

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, ETC, and ATP synthesis

give the stages of metabolism in order

central

glycolysis/citric acid cycle are ___ to cell pathways

yes

can a cell make glucose from pyruvate when needed?

glycogen

glucose is stored as ___

branched polysaccharide

glycogen is a __ __ in granules in animal cell cytoplasm

when not enough glucose is in the blood stream

when is glycogen used in ATP synthesis?

cells without chloroplasts (roots), sunlight

mitochondria generate ATP from sugars made during photosynthesis, especially in ___ or when there is no ___

fats, starch

excess sugars in plants can result in ___ or ___

triacylglycerols

fatty acids are stored as fat droplets or __ in fat cells

CO2

The citric acid cycle releases into the environment

one direction

many glycolysis enzymes also catalyze reverse reactions, but several are regulatory and only catalyze the rxn in _ _

unlikely

gluconeogenesis is very ___ to occur after a race

fermentation, oxidative phosphorylation

millions of years ago, organisms produced chemical energy (ATP) from __ because O2 was not available for __ ___

membrane- based

__ ___ ATP production was developed as O2 available in the environments

mitochondria inner membrane

structures embedded in __ __ __ pass electrons, resulting in energy development

H+ gradient

The ETC builds a ...

pumping proteins

What is part one of ETC

ATP synthase

what is part two of ETC

2

ATP synthase has __ areas

potential energy

In ETC, __ __ is used to "fuel" production of high-energy phosphate bonds

high ATP utilization

mitochondria is located near sites of __, eg energy required for muscle contraction