Personality Disorders - Adult Psychopathology
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15 Terms
General personality disorder
A. Enduring ______ of ______ ______ & _______ that ______ markedly from the ______ of the individual’s _______. This pattern is manifested by ______ (or more) of the following:
1. _______ (i.e., ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events).
2. _______ (i.e., the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response).
3. ________ functioning.
4. ________ control.
B. The enduring pattern is _______ & ______ across a broad range of _______ & _______ situations.
C. The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment….
D. The pattern is _____ and of _____ duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to _______ or early ______.
General personality disorder
A. Enduring pattern of inner experience & behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. This pattern is manifested by two (or more) of the following:
1. Cognition (i.e., ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events).
2. Affectivity (i.e., the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response).
3. Interpersonal functioning.
4. Impulse control.
B. The enduring pattern is inflexible & pervasive across a broad range of personal & social situations.
C. The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment….
D. The pattern is stable and of long duration, and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood.
Cluster A
_______, _______, and _______
Appear _____ or _____.
Cluster A
Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal
Appear odd or eccentric.
Cluster B
_______, _______, _______, and _______
Appear ______, ______, or ______
Cluster B
Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic
Appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic
Cluster C
______, ______, and ______-______
Appear _____ and ______
Cluster C
Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive
Appear anxious and fearful
Paranoid personality disorder - cluster A; criterion A
A. A ______ _______ and ________ of ______ such that their ______ are interpreted as _______, beginning by ______ ______ and present in a ______ of contexts, as indicated by ______ (or more) of the following:
1. ______, without ______ ______, that others are _____, ______, or _______ him or her.
2. Is _______ with ______ ______ about the ______ or _______ of _______ or _______.
3. Is ______ to ______ in others because of ______ ______ that the information will be used ______ against him or her.
4. Reads ______ ______ or _______ ______ into ______ remarks or events.
5. Persistently ______ ______ (i.e., is ______ of insults, injuries, or slights).
6. Perceives ______ on his or her ______ or _______ that are ______ _______ to others and is _______ to react _______ or to ________.
7. Has recurrent ________, without _______, regarding _______ of spouse or seggsual partner.
Paranoid personality disorder - cluster A; criterion A
A. A pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
1. Suspects, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him or her.
2. Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates.
3. Is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against him or her.
4. Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events.
5. Persistently bears grudges (i.e., is unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights).
6. Perceives attacks on his or her character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack.
7. Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or seggsual partner.
Schizoid personality disorder - cluster A; criterion A
A. A ______ ______ of ______ from ______ relationships and a ______ range of ______ of ______ in _______ settings, beginning by ______ ______ and present in a ______ of contexts, as indicated by ______ (or more) of the following:
1. Neither ______ nor _____ _____ relationships, including being part of a ______.
2. _____ _____ chooses _____ activities.
3. Has _____, if _____, interest in having _____ _____ with another person.
4. Takes _____ in _____, if _____, activities.
5. Lacks _____ friends or ______ other than ______-______ _______.
6. Appears _______ to the ______ or _______ of others.
7. Shows emotional _______, _______, or ______ affectivity
Schizoid personality disorder - cluster A; criterion A
A. A pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of expression of emotions in interpersonal settings, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
1. Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family.
2. Almost always chooses solitary activities.
3. Has little, if any, interest in having seggsual experiences with another person.
4. Takes pleasure in few, if any, activities.
5. Lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives.
6. Appears indifferent to the praise or criticism of others.
7. Shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affectivity
Schizotypal personality disorder - cluster A; criterion A
A. A pervasive pattern of ______ and _______ ______ marked by ______ _______ with, and _______ ______ for, _______ relationships as well as by _______ or _______ ______ and _______ of ________, beginning by ______ _______ and present in a variety of contexts, indicated by _______ (or more) of the following:
1. Ideas of ______ (excluding ______ of ______).
2. _____ beliefs or ______ thinking that _______ behavior and is ________ with ______ ______ (e.g., superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or “sixth sense”; in children and adolescents, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations).
3. ______ ______ experiences, including ______ ______.
4. Odd ______ and _______ (e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped).
5. _______ or _______ ideation.
6. _______ or _______ affect.
7. _______ or _______ that is _____, _______, or _______.
8. Lack of _____ _____ or _____ other than _____-_____ _______
9. Excessive ______ ______ that does not ______ with ______ and tends to be associated with ______ ______ rather than ______ ______ about _______.
Schizotypal personality disorder - cluster A; criterion A
A. A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, indicated by five (or more) of the following:
1. Ideas of reference (excluding delusions of reference).
2. Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influences behavior and is inconsistent with subcultural norms (e.g., superstitiousness, belief in clairvoyance, telepathy, or “sixth sense”; in children and adolescents, bizarre fantasies or preoccupations).
3. Unusual perceptual experiences, including bodily illusions.
4. Odd thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial, metaphorical, overelaborate, or stereotyped).
5. Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation.
6. Inappropriate or constricted affect.
7. Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar.
8. Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives.
9. Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity and tends to be associated with paranoid fears rather than negative judgments about self.
Antisocial personality disorder - cluster B; criterion A
A. A pervasive pattern of ______ for and _____ of the _____ of others, occurring since age _____ years, as indicated by _____ (or more) of the following:
1. Failure to _____ to _____ _____ with ______ to _____ behaviors, as indicated by repeatedly ______ _____ that are ______ for ______.
2. ________, as indicated by repeated ______, use of ______, or ______ others for personal ______ or ______.
3. _______ or failure to ______ ______.
4. _______ and ________, as indicated by repeated physical _______ or _______.
5. ______ ______ for ______ of self or others.
6. Consistent _______, as indicated by repeated _______ to ______ _____ _____ behavior or ______ _____ _____.
7. Lack of ______, as indicated by being _____ to or _______ having ______, _______, or _____ from another.
Antisocial personality disorder - cluster B; criterion A
A. A pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three (or more) of the following:
1. Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors, as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest.
2. Deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure.
3. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead.
4. Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults.
5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others.
6. Consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations.
7. Lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another.
Antisocial personality disorder - cluster B; criteria B-D
B. The individual is at least age ____ years.
C. There is evidence of ______ ______ with onset _____ age ____ years.
D. The occurrence of _______ behavior is not ______ during the course of _______ or ______ disorder.
Antisocial personality disorder - cluster B; criteria B-D
B. The individual is at least age 18 years.
C. There is evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15 years.
D. The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
Borderline personality disorder - cluster B
A pervasive pattern of _______ of ______ relationships, ____-_____, and _____, and marked _______, beginning by _____ ______ and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by _____ (or more) of the following:
1. ______ efforts to _____ _____ or _____ ______. (Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.)
2. A pattern of _____ and _____ ______ relationships characterized by ______ between ______ of ______ and ______.
3. _______ ______: markedly and persistently _____ _____-_____ or ______ of self.
4. ________ in at least ______ areas that are potentially _____-______ (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating). (Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.)
5. Recurrent _______ ______, _____, or _____, or _____-_______ behavior.
6. ______ ______ due to a marked ______ of ______ (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a _____ _____ and only _____ more than a _____ _____).
7. ______ feelings of ______.
8. _______, ______ _____ or difficulty _____ _____ (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights).
9. ______, ______-related ________ ______ or severe _______ symptoms
Borderline personality disorder - cluster B
A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. (Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.)
2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation.
3. Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self.
4. Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e.g., spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating). (Note: Do not include suicidal or self-mutilating behavior covered in Criterion 5.)
5. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior.
6. Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e.g., intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days).
7. Chronic feelings of emptiness.
8. Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e.g., frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights).
9. Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms
Histrionic personality disorder - cluster B
A pervasive pattern of ______ _____ and ______ ______, beginning by _____ ______ and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by _____ (or more) of the following:
1. Is ______ in situations in which he or she is _____ the _____ of ______.
2. _______ with ______ is often characterized by _____ ______ ______ or _______ behavior.
3. Displays ______ _____ and ______ expression of ______.
4. Consistently uses ______ ______ to _____ _____ to self.
5. Has a _____ of ______ that is excessively ______ and ______ in ______.
6. Shows _____-______, _______, and ______ expression of ______.
7. Is ______ (i.e., easily influenced by others or circumstances).
8. Considers _______ to be ______ ______ than they ______ are.
Histrionic personality disorder - cluster B
A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
1. Is uncomfortable in situations in which he or she is not the center of attention.
2. Interaction with others is often characterized by inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior.
3. Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions.
4. Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self.
5. Has a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail.
6. Shows self-dramatization, theatricality, and exaggerated expression of emotion.
7. Is suggestible (i.e., easily influenced by others or circumstances).
8. Considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are.
Narcissistic personality disorder - cluster B
A pervasive pattern of ______ (in _____ or _____), _____ for _____, and _____ of ______, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by ______ (or more) of the following:
1. Has a _____ sense of _____-______ (e.g., exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements).
2. Is _______ with _______ of ______ success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love.
3. Believes that he or she is “_______” and _____ and can _____ be _______ by, or should ________ with, other ______ or ______-______ people (or institutions).
4. Requires ______ ______.
5. Has a sense of ______ (i.e., unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment or automatic compliance with his or her expectations).
6. Is ______ ______ (i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends).
7. Lacks _______: is ______ to _____ or ______ with the ______ and _______ of others.
8. Is often ______ of others or ______ that others are ______ of him or her.
9. Shows ______, ______ behaviors or ______.
Narcissistic personality disorder - cluster B
A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
1. Has a grandiose sense of self-importance (e.g., exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements).
2. Is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love.
3. Believes that he or she is “special” and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high-status people (or institutions).
4. Requires excessive admiration.
5. Has a sense of entitlement (i.e., unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment or automatic compliance with his or her expectations).
6. Is interpersonally exploitative (i.e., takes advantage of others to achieve his or her own ends).
7. Lacks empathy: is unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others.
8. Is often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him or her.
9. Shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes.
Avoidant personality disorder - cluster C
A pervasive pattern of _____ ______, feelings of _____, and ______ to ______ ______, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by ______ (or more) of the following:
1. ______ ______ activities that involve significant ______ ______ because of ______ of ______, ______, or ______.
2. Is ______ to get ______ with people unless _____ of being ______.
3. Shows ______ within ______ relationships because of the ______ of being _______ or ______.
4. Is ______ with being ______ or ______ in _____ situations.
5. Is _____ in ______ ______ situations because of feelings of ______.
6. Views ______ as ______ _____, personally ______, or ______ to others.
7. Is ______ _____ to take _____ _____ or to engage in any _____ ______ because they may prove _______
Avoidant personality disorder - cluster C
A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
1. Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism, disapproval, or rejection.
2. Is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked.
3. Shows restraint within intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed.
4. Is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations.
5. Is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy.
6. Views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others.
7. Is unusually reluctant to take personal risks or to engage in any new activities because they may prove embarrassing
Dependent personality disorder - cluster C
A pervasive and _____ _____ to be _____ _____ of that leads to _____ and _____ behavior and _____ of _____, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by ______ (or more) of the following:
1. Has ______ making ______ ______ without an ______ _____ of ______ and ______ from others.
2. Needs _____ to assume ______ for _____ _____ _____ of his or her life.
3. Has difficulty _____ ______ with others because of _____ of _____ of _____ or _____. (Note: Do not include realistic fears of retribution.)
4. Has difficulty _____ _____ or _____ things ____ his or her _____ (because of a lack of _____-______ in ______ or ______ rather than a lack of ______ or ______).
5. Goes to ______ ______ to obtain ______ and ______ from ______, to the point of _______ to do things that are ______.
6. Feels ______ or ______ when ______ because of _____ ______ of being _____ to _____ for himself or herself.
7. _______ _____ another ______ as a source of ____ and ______ when a _____ ______ ends.
8. Is _______ ______ with _____ of being _____ to _____ ______ of himself or herself
Dependent personality disorder - cluster C
A pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) of the following:
1. Has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others.
2. Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life.
3. Has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of support or approval. (Note: Do not include realistic fears of retribution.)
4. Has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on his or her own (because of a lack of self-confidence in judgment or abilities rather than a lack of motivation or energy).
5. Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others, to the point of volunteering to do things that are unpleasant.
6. Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of exaggerated fears of being unable to care for himself or herself.
7. Urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when a close relationship ends.
8. Is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to take care of himself or herself
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder - cluster C
A pervasive pattern of ______ with ______, _____, and _____ and ______ _____, at the _____ of _____, ______, and ____, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by _____ (or more) of the following:
1. Is ______ with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules to the extent that the _____ _____ of the activity is _____.
2. Shows ______ that ______ with _____ _____ (e.g., is unable to _______ a _____ because his or her own _____ _____ _____ are not _____).
3. Is _____ _____ to ______ and _____ to the ______ of ______ activities and _______ (not accounted for by obvious ______ necessity).
4. Is ______, ______, and _____ about matters of ______, ______, or ______ (not accounted for by ______ or ______ identification).
5. Is unable to ______ ____-_____ or _______ objects even when they have no ______ ______.
6. Is _____ to ______ _____ or to _____ with others unless they _____ to _____ his or her way of _____ _____.
7. Adopts a ______ _____ _____ toward both self and others; ______ is viewed as something to be ______ for future ______.
8. Shows ______ and _______.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder - cluster C
A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by four (or more) of the following:
1. Is preoccupied with details, rules, lists, order, organization, or schedules to the extent that the major point of the activity is lost.
2. Shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion (e.g., is unable to complete a project because his or her own overly strict standards are not met).
3. Is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships (not accounted for by obvious economic necessity).
4. Is overconscientious, scrupulous, and inflexible about matters of morality, ethics, or values (not accounted for by cultural or religious identification).
5. Is unable to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value.
6. Is reluctant to delegate tasks or to work with others unless they submit to exactly his or her way of doing things.
7. Adopts a miserly spending style toward both self and others; money is viewed as something to be hoarded for future catastrophes.
8. Shows rigidity and stubbornness.