APUS History: Period #5 Review

Manifest Destiny

the belief that it was God's plan to that the U.S. should extend all the way to the Pacific Ocean

Santa Fe Trail

an important trade route going between Independence, Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico; used from about 1821 to 1880

Oregon Trail

2000 miles from Missouri to Oregon's Willamette Valley: began by Protestant missionaries

Brigham Young

Led the Mormons on an exodus to Salt Lake City, Utah to escape religious persecution

Treaty of Fort Laramie

Agreement that restricted Plains Indians to territories away from major trade routes to the West

Stephen Austin

Original leader of American settlers in Texas who obtained a huge land grant from the Mexican government

Sam Houston

commander of the Texas army at the Battle of San Jacinto where he defeated Santa Anna; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

James K. Polk

expansionist, U.S. President, who served during the Mexican war and sought to expand the United States

The Alamo

Santa Anna and his Mexican forces defeated Texan forces at the Alamo, a fort near San Antonio. Led to a great wave of anger against the Mexicans; Texan militia under Houston fought back with slogan "Remember the Alamo!"

Gadsden Purchase

the purchasing of land from Mexico that completed the continental United States; It provided the land needed to build the transcontinental railroad.

Forty-Niners

people who went to California during the gold rush of 1849

Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo

An Agreement that ended the 1848 Mexican-American War; acquired Mexican Cession (CA, AZ, NM); Mexico acknowledged American annexation of Texas

Effect of the California Gold Rush

Thousands moved West in search of riches, the entry of California opened up the Slavery issuse.

Oregon Territory

Land split between US and Britain

Santa Anna

Leader of Mexico during the Mexican War

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Mormon Faith

Mexican War

War over the disputed border of Texas

John O'Sullivan

Coined the phrase "Manifest Destiny"

Causes of Manifest Destiny

Rapid population growth, economic depressions, inexpensive land, foreign trade opportunities, spread democracy, racial superiority

Reasons Americans Moved To Texas

Cotton growth in the black belt

Reason for Mexico Halting Immigration

Americans moving into Texas were not following the laws of Mexico: bringing slaves, not converting to Catholicism

"54-40 or Fight"

slogan of those wanting to take all of Oregon; numbers (54 40') was line of latitude where people wanted Oregon border; did not want compromise of 49th parallel, as was done by President Polk.

Secede

Leaving the Union; SC did so first

Sumner-Brooks Incident

Violent outbreak on the Senate floor

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Decided that slaves were property and the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy

Abraham Lincoln

Republican candidate for president in 1860

John Brown

Led a raid on Harper's Ferry in an effort to arm slaves

Bleeding Kansas

Violence that developed over the use of popular sovereignty

Compromise of 1850

Admitted California as a free state and passed a stronger fugitive slave law

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Book depicting the evils of slavery in the South

Fugitive Slave Law

Allowed slave catchers to go North to capture escaped slaves

Underground Railroad

Link of escape routes for slaves ultimately heading for Canada

Republican Party

Political Party that believed in stopping the western expansion of slavery

Missouri Compromise

Agreement that divided the nation at the 36-30 parallel in an attempt to equalize the number of free states and slave states

Election of 1860

Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln wins without any electoral votes from the South

Popular Sovereignty

The idea that the people of an individual state or territory should vote on the issue of slavery

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Famous political event between the Republican and Democratic candidates for the Senate seat of Illinois; arguments focused on the issue of slavery

Free-Soilers

Political group that believed all states should be free states; rushed to Kansas to populate Kansas

Wilmot Proviso

Amendment to a military appropriations bill that would have stopped the expansion of slavery into all territories gained from Mexico as a result of the Mexican War; never passed the Senate

Sectionalism

Long term cause of the Civil War, differences in how the North and South developed that led to problems.

States' Rights

Long term cause of the Civil War, belief that the states should have more power than the federal government.

Slavery

Long term cause of the Civil War, the practice of owning another person for the purpose of labor.

Fort Sumter

Where first shot was fired that began the civil war.

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the War that made it clear the North would win. 50,000 people died, and the South lost its chance to invade the North.

Battle of Bull Run

July 21, 1861. Va. (outside of D.C.) People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody

Sherman's march to the Sea

during the civil war, a devastating total war military campaign, destroying everything along there way from Atlanta to North Carolina.

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North succeeded in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Appomattox Court House

Where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee To Ulysses S. Grant took place on April 9, 1865

Battle of Vicksburg

1863, Union gains control of Mississippi, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Gettysburg Address

A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery

Advantages of the North in the Civil War

a)larger population, b)most of the factories to make supplies, c)most of the railroads located in the north, d)strong Navy, e)more money, f)they had an established government

Advantages of the South in the Civil War

Excellent millitary leaders, strong fighting spirit, knew the land

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Robert E. Lee

Appointed command of the Confederate Army in 1862 during the Civil War. Despite his skill he was forced to surrender to Ulysses S Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865.

Stonewall Jackson

Brave commander of the Confederate Army that led troops at Bull Run. He died in the confusion at the Battle of Chancellorsville.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union General who forced the surrender of Vicksburg and became general in chief of all Union armies he forced lee to fight a series of decisive battles which led to the Confederate surrender

Kansas Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Lincoln-Douglas debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

The Confederate States of America

the name given to the new nation and government when delegates from the states of South Carolina, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia seceded from the Union; they elected Jefferson Davis as their President

Border States

in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri

Copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Total War

all-out war that affects civilians at home as well as soldiers in combat

Writ of habeas corpus

A court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.

Carpetbagger

A person who moves from the North to make a profit

Scalawag

A southerner who becomes a Republican

Credit Mobilier

A railroad scandal involving the Grant administration

Radical Republicans

Believed the South should be punished and the freedmen protected

Black Codes

Laws that restricted the rights of Freedmen

13th Amendment

Banned slavery in the United States

14th Amendment

Made former slaves citizens

15th Amendment

Gave former male slaves the right to vote

Whiskey Ring

A scandal in which alcohol distillers bribed tax collectors to avoid taxes

Ulysses S. Grant

Elected president using the "waving the bloody shirt" technique

Rutherford B. Hayes

Elected president through the Compromise of 1877

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization formed to help freedmen adjust to their freedom

Tenure of Office Act

Law that stated the President could not fire a cabinet member

Congressional Reconstruction

Plan that placed the South under martial law

Ten Percent Plan

Reconstruction plan that forgave the South and allowed them to enter the Union

Sharecropper

A freedman who farms a landowners land in exchange for a portion of the harvest

Tenant Farmer

A farmer who rents a landowners land and tend it

Education

Greatest accomplishment of the Freedmen's Bureau

Land Ownership

Greatest failure of the Freedmen's Bureau

Election of 1876

Tilden wins the popular vote but Hayes gets the electoral vote

Compromise of 1877

Hayes gets to be president if he ends Reconstruction

Literacy Test

Must be able to read to vote

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that segregated the races

Textiles and Tobacco

Two major industries int he post-Reconstruction South

Andrew Johnson

First president to be impeached

Exodusters

Freedmen who moved to the West to farm