Exam 1 (Intro to the Human Body & the Sciences of A&P)

What are the levels of organization, in order?

Atoms - molecules - cells - tissues - organs - 11 organ systems - organism (human)

What is the basic structural & functional unit of an organism? Why?

Cells. (They are the smallest unit of organization that can do processes to take care of itself; e.g. homeostasis.)

Tissues

groups of cells that work together to perform a common function

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

Connective, Muscle, Epithelium, and Nervous.

• Remember: CMEN. Who’s in charge of a ship? Seamen. Who’s in charge of building organs? CHEM

What are the major functions of connective tissue?

• Bind structures together

• Route blood vessels/nerves to the right place

What is the major function of muscle tissue?

• Facilitates movement

What are the major functions of epithelium tissue?

• Coats organs and other structures

• Secretes things

• Helps us absorb things

What is the major function of nervous tissue?

• Send electrical messages over LONG distances throughout the body (~ instantaneous)

Organs

structures composed of 2+ different types of tissue

Organ systems

related organs with a shared function/overall goal

How many organ systems do humans have?

11

What are the structures of the integumentary system?

• skin

• hair

• nails

• glands

What are the structures of the skeletal system?

• bones

• joints

What are the structures of the muscular system?

• “the named skeletal muscles”

• smooth muscle

• cardiac muscle

What are the structures of the nervous system?

• brain

• spinal cord

• nerves

• sensory organs

What are the structures of the endocrine system?

[are throughout the body]

• hormone-producing cells

• glands

What are the structures of the cardiovascular system?

• heart

• blood

• blood vessels

What are the structures of the lymphatic/immune system?

• lymphatic fluid

• lymph nodes

• lymphocytes (are in the nodes)

What are the structures of the respiratory system?

• nasal passage

• trachea

• throat (pharynx)

• lungs

What are the structures of the urinary system?

• kidneys (the RINGLEADER)

• ureters

• urethra

• bladder

What are the structures of the digestive system?

• esophagus

• stomach

• intestines

• accessory digestive glands

What are the structures of the reproductive system?

• Female:

  • overies

  • uterus

  • “v-word”

• Male:

  • testes

  • “p-word”

• Both:

  • associated organs and glands

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

• enclose internal body structures

• temperature regulation

  • via blood (w/ Cardiovascular Syst)

  • via sweat

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

• protection and support

• blood cell PRODUCTION in the bone marrow

  • WBCs
    RBCs

  • & platelets

• enables movement (w/ Muscular Syst)

What are the functions of the muscular system?

• enables movement

• maintain posture

• helps maintain body temperature

  • (muscle use requires energy, which generates heat. e.g. Shivering)

What are the functions of the nervous system?

• regulate bodily processes by…

  • detecting sensory info (via Receptors)

  • processing sensory info & deciding how to manage it (Control Center)

  • utilizing nerve impulses. Sends a message to the target organ to do ‘X’ response (Effector)

• [is direct, electrical communication]

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

• regulate bodily processes via hormones

• [is indirect & slow chemical communication]

Hormones

chemical messangers produces by organs or glands

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

• deliver O2 & nutrients to tissues

• regulate blood volume

• regulate body temperature [w/ Integumantary Syst]

What are the functions of the lymphatic/immune system?

• filter blood & protect agaisnt disease

  • lymphocytes scan for pathogens

• transport fats (lipids) & proteins to Cardiovascular Syst

• return lymphatic fluid to the blood

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

• deliver O2 to the blood

• remove CO2 from the body

• regulate the blood’s acid/base balance

  • (the # of CO2 in blood infl the blood’s pH)

What are the functions of the urinary system?

• filter wastes from the blood & excrete them as URINE

• regulates…

  • blood volume

  • electrolytes

  • acid/base balance

What are the functions of the digestive system?

[in order…]

1. physical & chemical breakdown of food

2. absorption of nutrients

3. excretion of waste (FECES)

What are the functions of the reproductive system?

• Female:

  • support the embryo/fetus until birth

  • produce milk for the infant

• Male:

  • deliver gametes to female

• Both:

  • propagate the species

Gamete

sex cell

• In females = egg (from ovaries)

• In males = sperm (from testes)

What is standard anatomical position

• Subject stands erect facing the observer with…

  • the head level

  • eyes facing forward

  • feet flat on the floor directed forward

  • their arms at their side, PALMS FORWARD

[Directional Terms] Superior

above/top/toward head

[Directional Terms] Inferior

below/bottom/toward feet

[Directional Terms] Anterior (Ventral)

towards the front

What is the other word for Anterior?

Ventral

[Directional Terms] Posterior (Dorsal)

towards the back

What is the other word for Posterior?

Dorsal

[Directional Terms] Medial

towards the midline (the middle of the body)

[Directional Terms] Lateral

away from the midline

[Directional Terms] Proximal

closer to the center of the body or the point of attachment

• Example: The elbow is PROXIMAL to the wrist. The wrist is DISTAL to the elbow.

• This make sense because the reference point of attachment is the SHOULDER.

[Directional Terms] Distal

farther from the center of the body or the point of attachment

[Directional Terms] Ipsilateral

same side of the body

[Directional Terms] Contralateral

opposite side of the body

[Directional Terms] Superficial

towards the surface of the body

[Directional Terms] Deep

towards the interior of the body

[Descriptive Terms] Visceral

pertaining to covering an organ

• (a coating on an organ)

[Descriptive Terms] Parietal

pertaining to covering agaisnt a cavity wall

• (a coating of a cavity wall)

[Regional Names] Cranial

skull

[Regional Names] Cervical

neck

[Regional Names] Orbital

eye

[Regional Names] Buccal

cheek

[Regional Names] Axillary

armpit

[Regional Names] Thoracic/Pectoral

chest

[Regional Names] Gluteal

buttock

[Regional Names] Inguinal

groin

[Regional Names] Cubital/Olecranal

elbow

[Regional Names] Carpal

wrist

[Regional Names] Metacarpal

palms/hand

[Regional Names] Femoral

thigh

[Regional Names] Patellar

front of knee

[Regional Names] Tarsal

ankle

[Regional Names] Plantar

sole of foot

[Regional Names] Digital/Phalangeal

toes/fingers

Anatomy is to X as Physiology is to Y.

• x = structure

• y = function

What are the 6 essential life processes common to all organisms?

1. organization

   1. the structure must compliment the function

2. metabolism

   1. = the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

3. growth & development

   1. organs increase size and specialize

4. responsiveness

   1. ability to sense and react to stimuli

5. regulation

   1. ability to adjust internal body functioning to accomodate environmental changes

6. reproduction

   1. produce new cells for growth, maintenence, and repair

   2. sex gametes dev into new organisms

What are the 3 major body planes?

• Midsagittal (midline)

• Transverse (horizontal)

• Frontal (coronal)

Coronal (Frontal) plane

seperates anterior (front) of body from the posterior (back)

What is the other word the Coronal plane?

Frontal plane

Transverse (Horizontal) plane

seperates the superior (top) of body from the inferior (bottom)

What is the other word for the Transverse plane?

Horizontal plane

Midsagittal plane

seperates the left of the body from the right of the body DOWN THE MIDDLE (midline)

Sagittal plane

seperates the left of the body from the right of the body NOT DOWN THE MIDDLE

Oblique

seperates structures at an angle

Body cavities

enclosed spaces that house internal organs

What are the 2 groups of body cavities?

• Ventral cavity

• Posterior aspect/ Dorsal cavity

What 2 cavities are in the Posterior aspect (Dorsal cavity)?

• Cranial cavity

• Vertebral cavity

What does the cranial cavity house?

• brain

What does the vertebral cavity house?

• spinal cord

What 2 cavities are in the Ventral cavity?

• Thoracic cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity

What 3 cavities are in the Thoracic cavity?

• Superior mediatrinum

• Pericardial cavity

• Pleural cavity

What does the Superior mediatrinum house?

• esophagus

• trachea

What does the Pericardial cavity house?

• heart

What does the Pleural cavity house?

• lungs

  • Think: You have 2 lungs. A PLEURAL number.

What 2 cavities are in the Abdominopelvic cavity?

• Abdominal cavity

• Pelvic cavity

What does the Pelvic cavity house?

• bladder

• some reproductive organs

What does the Abdominal cavity house?

• liver

• gallbladder

• stomach

• spleen

• kidneys

• pancreas

• adrenal glands

• small and large intestines

Is the Ventral cavity towards the front or back of your body?

Towards the front.

Is the Posterior aspect/Dorsal cavity towards the front of back of your body?

Towards the back.

What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants?

• right upper quadrant (RUQ)

• right lower quadrant (RLQ)

• left upper quadrant (LUQ)

• left lower quadrant (LLQ)

What are 3 organs in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)?

• liver

• gallbladder

• right kidney

What are 4 organs in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?

• stomach

• pancreas

• left kidney

• spleen (on the far end)

What are 2 organs in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)?

• appendix

• large intestines

What are 2 organs in the left lower quadrant (LLQ)?

• small intestines

• descending colon

Homeostasis

• the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment, or “steady state,” in response to changing internal or external conditions

What 3 components are necesary for homeostasis to function?

• Receptor

• Control Center

• Effector