animal systems

BIO IH

Excretory

• Remove waste from blood/body, maintains homeostasis

• Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Endocrine

• Delivers chemical messages that control growth development and metabolism; aids homeostasis

• Glands, hormones

Respiratory

• Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide 

• Trachea, lungs, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli

Immune

• Protects body from infections and disease

• Macrophage, plasma-B and memory-B cells, helper-T and killer-T cells

Reproductive

• Produces egg and sperm; nurtures embryo; produces male/female hormones

• Ovary, testes

Integumentary

• Serves as barrier against injury/infection; aids in maintaining homeostasis

• Skin, sweat, glands

Digestive

• Convert food into smaller molecules, absorbs food, eliminates waste

• Mouth, stomach, intestines, colon, liver, pancreas

Nervous

• Coordinates all response to internal response and external stimuli

• Brain, neuron, spinal cord

Muscular

• Allows for movement of body/organs (helps move blood and food)

• Muscles, tendons

Lymphatic

• Collect fluid lost by blood and returns it to circulatory system

• Lymph, thymus, lymph vessels, spleen

Skeletal

• Support body, protect organs, aids movement, stores minerals, blood cell formation

• Bones, marrow, ligaments, joints, and cartilage

Joints

• places where skeletons parts are held together

Ligaments:

• strong connective tissues  that connect bones together at joints

• Muscles work together in pairs/groups attached to different parts of supporting skeleton

Hydrostatic Skeleton:

fluid

• Exoskeletons:

• Hard covering of complex carbohydrate (chitin)

 Endoskeleton:

structure support system within body

Endotherms

• Has high metabolic rates that make heat

• Uses heat that its body makes

• Insulation w feathers/fat/fur

• Ex. birds, leopards

• Pant/sweat to get rid of excess heat

Ectotherms

• Regulate body temp. Through heat sources OUTSIDE their bodies (absorbing heat/losing heat to environment)

• Usually lack effective body insulation (lose heat)

• Ex. lizard, fish, invertebrates, amphibians

• Requires interactions among body systems 

Animal

• Heterotrophic

• Multicellular

• Eukaryotic

• No cell wall

• Groups: invertebrates and chordates

Organization Levels

1. Cell: basic uit

2. Tissue: group of cells w/ one function 

3. Organ: group of tissues that have one/related function(s)

4. Organ System: group of organs w/ related functions

5. Organism

Feedback Inhibition

• Negative feedback

• Internal feedback mechanisms where product limits process

• Internal feedback regulates systems, maintaining homeostasis

• Ex. cold house, thermostat turn off heat; warm house thermostat turn heater off

Important Survival Actions

• Regulation (homeostasis)

• Nutrient Absorption

• Injury Defense

• Illness Defense

Not survival but important

• Reproduce