L.D. Early Transitions in Literacy Development

What is literacy?

A lifelong learning skill that connects written symbols to sounds and creates meaning from text.

What is skilled literacy?

Understanding and creating meaning from written text.

How does UNESCO define literacy?

Identifying, understanding, interpreting, creating, communicating, and computing with written materials.

What is emergent literacy?

Reading and writing behaviors that develop before conventional literacy.

What are developmental precursors?

Early listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills that develop together.

What is literacy socialization?

Learning about reading through social and cultural experiences.

What are literacy artifacts?

Print-related objects like alphabet blocks and picture books.

What are literacy events?

Real teaching opportunities during emergent literacy.

What is shared book reading?

Reading books together to support language and literacy.

What is literacy knowledge?

Knowledge gained from watching, doing, and handling books.

What is linguistic awareness?

Understanding language as a system or cognitive construct.

What are components of linguistic awareness?

Grammar, vocabulary, and complex sentence understanding.

What is phonological awareness?

Understanding or sensitivity to the sound structure of words.

Why is oral language important for reading?

Spoken language provides the foundation for reading development.

What did Scarborough (1990) find about syntax?

Syntactic deficits in 2-year-olds related to later literacy outcomes.

What did Scarborough (1990) find about vocabulary?

Vocabulary deficits in 3–4-year-olds related to later literacy outcomes.

Why is shared book reading important?

It exposes children to new words in meaningful contexts.

How does shared reading build vocabulary?

Children hear and learn new words during book reading.

What is Chall's theory?

Reading development progresses through stages similar to language and cognitive development.

What is Chall's Stage 0?

Prereading/Emergent Reading (ages 5–6).

What is the goal of Chall's Stage 0?

Develop language and understand words as individual units.

What is Chall's Stage 1?

Initial Reading or Decoding (ages 6–7).

What is the goal of Chall's Stage 1?

Learn the alphabetic principle and decode printed words.

What is Chall's Stage 2?

Confirmation (ages 7–8).

What is the goal of Chall's Stage 2?

Decode automatically and focus more on meaning.

What is Chall's Stage 3?

Reading for Learning the New (ages 8–14).

What is the goal of Chall's Stage 3?

Use reading to learn new information.

What is Chall's Stage 4?

Multiple Viewpoints (ages 14–18).

What is the goal of Chall's Stage 4?

Understand and analyze different viewpoints.

What is Chall's Stage 5?

Construction and Reconstruction (ages 18+).

What is the goal of Chall's Stage 5?

Read selectively and analyze, synthesize, and hypothesize.

What is Catts and Kamhi's Logographic Stage?

Recognizing words through visual features without analyzing them

Is the Logographic Stage required for reading?

No, it is not considered a prerequisite.

What is Catts and Kamhi's Alphabetic Stage?

Reading words by processing letter-sound correspondences.

Is the Alphabetic Stage essential?

Yes, it is essential for reading.

What is Catts and Kamhi's Orthographic Stage?

Recognizing words through letter sequences and spelling patterns.

What are examples of orthographic patterns?

-tion and -oo-.

What is the Automatic Word Recognition Stage?

Recognizing words visually without phonological decoding.

What does automatic word recognition require?

Recognizing morphological endings and function words.

What are examples of morphological endings?

-ing and -ed.

What are examples of function words?

a and the.

What is the alphabetic principle?

Letters represent sounds that make up spoken language.

What is orthography?

The way a language is represented in print.

What is orthographic representation?

The visual way a word is stored in memory.

What are the five areas of reading instruction?

Phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and text comprehension.

What is phonemic awareness?

Recognizing and working with individual sounds in spoken words.

Why is phonemic awareness important?

It helps beginning readers connect speech to print.

What is phonics?

Teaching reading through connections between written letters and sounds.

What is fluency?

Reading accurately and automatically.

What is automaticity?

Fast, effortless word recognition.

What is vocabulary?

Words needed to communicate effectively.

How do children learn vocabulary indirectly?

Through conversations, listening to reading, and reading independently.

What is text comprehension?

Understanding the meaning of written text.

What supports text comprehension?

Phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, and fluency.

Why is phonemic awareness needed before phonics?

Children must understand speech sounds before learning how letters represent them.

What is the goal of early literacy?

Develop orthographic knowledge for automatic word recognition and reading comprehension.

What predicts later reading outcomes in kindergarten?

Letter identification.

What happens to children with kindergarten language impairment?

They score lower in word recognition and reading comprehension in grades 2 and 4.