Institutional Racism Sociology Notes for Quiz 4

Vocabulary flashcards covering sociology concepts of institutional racism, residential segregation, inequitable education, policing, and systemic advantage and disadvantage for Quiz 4.

Racism

A term that refers to a society's production of unjust outcomes for some racial or ethnic groups, including a social structure that maintains racial and ethnic advantage and disadvantage rather than just prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior.

Residential segregation

The sorting of different types of people into separate neighborhoods.

Hypersegregation

Residential segregation so extreme that many peoples daily lives involve little or no contact with people of other races.

White fight

Organized white resistance to integration, which consists of protesting integration, advocating for laws that protected segregation, and violence.

White flight

A phenomenon in which white people start leaving a neighborhood when minority residents begin to move in.

Redlining

A practice refusing loans to or steeply overcharging anyone buying homes in poor and minority neighborhoods.

Federal aid highway act (1956)

A bill that earmarked $\$286\text{ billion}$ to build interstate highways, disproportionally impacting black neighborhoods.

Fair housing act (1968)

Legislation that made it illegal to discriminate against renters and buyers because of race, religion, national origin, or sex.

De jure

By law or according to legal regulations.

De facto

By practice or in reality.

Resource deserts

Places that lack critical amenities, such as health care, food, and service.

Environmental racism

The practice of exposing racial and ethic minorities to more toxins and pollutants that white people encounter.

Achievement gaps

Disparities in the academic accomplishments of different kinds of students.

Racialization

A process that links certain ideas with race.

Tracking

The practice of placing students in different classrooms according to their perceived ability.

Adultification

A form of bias in which adult characteristics are attributed to children.

School to prison pipeline

A practice of disciplining and punishing youth in school that routes them out of education and into the criminal justice system.

Mass incarceration

An extremely high rate of imprisonment in cross-cultural and historical perspective.

Mass deportation

An extremely high rate of deportation in cross-cultural and historical perspective.

Exceptionalism

The dynamic where with minority groups any action that an individual takes is a representation of the whole group, whereas any crime that someone does is individualized.

Cross-institutional advantage and disadvantage

A phenomenon in which people are positively or negatively served across multiple institutions.

Cumulative advantage and disadvantage

Advantage or disadvantage that builds over the life course.

Intergenerational advantage and disadvantage

Advantage and disadvantage that is passed from parents to children.