People and the Environment Exam 2

Approximately what percentage of the Black Hills is composed of ponderosa pine?

A. 60%
B. 70%
C. 80%
D. 90%

90%

Rocky ridges, like Pine Ridge, have coarse soils that facilitate water infiltration and relatively low flammability, supporting the growth of what type of plants?

Ponderosa Pine Trees

Put the following events in order from oldest (1) to most recent (6).

1. As the climate warmed, ponderosa pine shifted north into the Black Hills, replacing boreal species.

2. Native Americans witnessed the arrival of European beaver trappers and gold miners.

3. The US government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty, creating the Great Sioux Reservation, only to nullify it nine years later.

4. The Black Hills National Forest was created eight years after the Forest Management Act passed.

5. The Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, and the National Forest Management Act placed regulations on the use and management of the forest.

6. The Jasper Fire burned 83,508 acres and became the largest fire ever recorded in the Black Hills.

Which species does not characterize a native montane grassland?

A. Prairie dropseed
B. Smooth brome
C. Richardson needlegrass
D. Timber oatgrass

Smooth Brome

According to Dr. Smith, a good rule of thumb for forest management is "bad things happen at high density."

A. True
B. False

True

Match the 5 stages of managing stand density to the defining characteristic.

Stages:

1. Stand initiation

2. Onset of competition

3. Full site occupancy

4. Self thinning

5. Stem re-initiation

• Stand initiation → No competitive interaction

• Onset of competition → Canopy closure

• Full site occupancy → Size differentiation and self-pruning

• Self thinning → High occupancy leads to density-related mortality

• Stem re-initiation → Successful regeneration of multi-cohort/mixed species stands