Studied by 11 people
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2 ways that organisms respond to climate change
migration or death
climate envelopes
set of environmental/climatic conditions that an organism requires in order to survive
direction that species are expected to migrate
poleward and upward
upward definition
along a mountain/elevation
poleward
toward the north pole
for every 1 degree C increase in avg temp, species must shift (in meters, both poleward and upward)
175m upward
103-145m poleward
forest migration speed
exceeding slowly
assisted migration
move plans/animals to places where we think they will be able to survive the future to speed up migration
species that humans have assisted in migration (examples)
penguins, trees used in forestry
phenology (in seasons)
timing of seasonal changes in plants and animals
phenological mismatch
when the timing of events for interacting species no longer co-occurs
2 options for if species can’t migrate fast enough
adapt or die
species most likely to adapt fast enough when…
migration is slow and population is genetically diverse
abiotic characteristics in southwestern US and mexico
summer is way too hot for plants to survive, spring is too dry, winter is cool enough and has enough rainfall
van Helmonts experiment determined
that plants got C from the air, not the soil
reasons why water is important to plants
necessary for photosynthesis and structure
turgor pressure
created when vacuole, full of water, exercise outward pressure on a cell wall
plants stand up due to
turgor pressure and osmosis
osmosis
diffusion of water
passive movement of molecule from high to low conc of water to establish equilibrium
plant goes from wilted to full or
turgid (high turgor pressure)
vascular tissue (2 types)
xylem and phloem
xylem
carries water through hollow, “dead” cells from roots to leaves only in one direction
xylem carries water through… transport
passive
passive water transport using xylem through
cohesion and adhesion
cohesion
water sticks to other water molecules
adhesion
water sticks to other molecules
water escapes plant through
stomata on the bottom of a leaf
oxygen leaves plant
as stomata open, leaving with water
CO2/O2 gas exchange is a (process)
physical process
open guard cells when
water is abundant (guard cells turgid)
closed guard cells when
water is scarce (guard cells flaccid)
total amount of water transpired reliant on
amount of time stomata are open and rate
factors that impact transpiration from an open stomata
temperature, wind, humidity, surface area
2 strategies for plant survival in desert
high RGR or high WUE
RGR stands for
relative growth rate
relative growth rate
biomass gained/time
WUE stands for
water-use-efficiency
water-use-efficiency
carbon gained (growth)/water lost
High WUE
conserves water
low WUE
lose water quickly
high RGR
lots of leaves (more water loss)
chloroplasts
capture light and performs photosynthesis
photosynthesis
creates glucose (chemical energy) to ATP (chemical energy)
photosynthesis equation
H2O + CO2 + light → O2 + glucose
diffusion
flowing from high to low conc
potential energy of atoms
close e- are to nucleus, more stable, less PE
more reduced
more potential energy
reduction comes from
gaining H, adding e-, losing O
oxidized comes from
loses e-, loses H, adding O
endosymbiosis
origin story of chloroplasts
origin of chloroplasts
used to be free-living cyanobacteria
two parts of chloroplast structure
stroma and thylakoids
where does light-dependent reactions take place?
thylakoids
parts of a thylakoid
outer membrane and lumen
where are light-absorbing pigments
thylakoid membrane
where do light-independent parts of photosynthesis take place?
stroma
what do light reactions convert energy into?
light energy converts into chemical energy
light reaction equation
H2O + light → O2 + ATP + NADH
Calvin cycle product
glucose
calvin cycle reaction
CO2 → glucose + ADP + NADP+
process of light reactions (parts of light reaction)
photosystem II, ETC, photosystem I, ATP synthase
photosystem II purpose
convert light energy into excited e- on chlorophyll
where does chlorophyll+ get the extra e- during photosystem II
H2O
products of chlorophyll+ + H2O
chlorophyll, O2, 2H+
ETC purpose
pump H+ into lumen through H+ gradient (pump)
chlorophyll is ____ when reacting with water
oxidized
H+ pump pumps from ___ to ____ conc
low to high conc (against the gradient)
photosystem I purpose
convert NADP+ to NADPH
photosystem I requires
light and NADP+
ATP synthase is
an enzyme spanning the thylakoid membrane
ATP energy transformation (including where energy comes from)
converting PE in the form of a gradient into KE into chemical energy
ATP synthase purpose
converts ADP to ATP for use in calvin cycle
ADP meaning
adenosine diphosphate
ATP meaning
adenosine triphosphate
calvin cycle process
turn CO2 into glucose using chemical energy
where does calvin cycle take place
stroma
3 sections of calvin cycle
fixation, reduction, regeneration
fixation
CO2 into organic C using RuBisCO enzyme
2 problems with photosynthesis
to get CO2, plants need gas exchange
photorespiration
photorespiration
oxygen taking place of CO2 in calvin cycle, essentially wasting energy to reverse calvin cycle
when does photorespiration occur?
too hot (usually dry) or not enough CO2
2 ways plants have evolved to avoid photorespiration
C4 and CAM
C4
instead of fixing CO2 into a 3C sugar, first fixes CO2 into a 4C sugar, malate
Malate
4C sugar CO2 is fixed into to avoid photorespiration
4C prevents
oxygen from reaching calvin cycle by storing CO2 as malate
CAM photosynthesis ideal for plants that live in
both hot and dry conditions
CAM photosynthesis essentially
only opens stomata at night to limit water loss
CAM photosynthesis during the day
malate converted back into CO2 for calvin cycle to use
CAM photosynthesis division of C-fixation by
temporally (day vs night)
CAM photosynthesis effects
slow growth since not very efficient
biodiversity includes measures of…
abundance and number of species
Simpson’s Diversity Index
measure of biodiversity in regards to distribution and diversity
S’ is high when…
richness and evenness are high
S’ is low when
richness is low and/or when a few species dominate landscape
competition is strongest when…
species use resources similarly
competitive exclusion principle
no species can utilize exact same set of resource at the same time
weaker competitor will… if resources overlap (competitive exclusion)
cede overlapping resources, which shrinks niche space, by either restricting number of resource or by evolving
die
resource shared idea is called
coexistence/niche partitioning
niche
environmental conditions and resources necessary for survival and reproduction
