International and US Health Policymaking

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering international health systems (WHO, Canada, Sweden, China) and US health policy (financing, delivery, ACA, and patient rights) based on Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 lecture notes.

World Health Assembly

The decisionmaking and policymaking body of the World Health Organization (WHO), comprising delegations from all WHO member states.

Skill mix

The combination of posts, grades, or occupations in an organization, or the combination of activities and skills needed for a particular job within an organization.

International Health Regulations

Framework that the Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response (IPPP) called for strengthening to increase WHO's operational capacity for health emergencies.

Healthy Cities (HC) initiative

A program launched by WHO in 1986 with the aim of establishing 'health for all' public policies and health promotion programs in local areas.

Canada Health Act

Signed into law in 1984, this primary piece of federal health legislation ensures eligible Canadian citizens and residents have access to prepaid health insurance and services.

Portability

One of the five pillars of the Canada Health Act, requiring that insurance must be portable from one province or territory to another.

Privatization

The movement of an industry in a country from public to private control or ownership.

Riksdag

Sweden’s legislative assembly, consisting of 349 elected members.

National People’s Congress (NPC)

The main legislative body in China through which the Communist Party of China (CPC) manages the national government.

Basic insurance scheme (China)

A mandatory insurance program designed for urban employees in China, featuring comprehensive benefit packages and funded by premiums and copayments.

Rural cooperative system (China)

A voluntary insurance scheme for rural residents in China, typically involving government subsidies and often covering only catastrophic illness.

Digital Health

An umbrella term grouping wearables, mobile health, health information technology, telehealth, and personalized medicine.

Precision Medicine

An approach in prevention and treatment that accounts for individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle for each person.

National Health Expenditures (NHE)

Estimates of annual spending on health services, healthcare supplies, and health-related research and construction activities.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A measure of the total value of all goods and services produced and consumed during a given calendar year; the US spent $19.7\%$ of this on healthcare in 2020.

Defensive medicine

The practice of medicine where the main goal is to avoid malpractice claims rather than ensuring maximum medical efficiency or patient health.

Managed care

A care model characterized by a designated provider network, standardized review, an emphasis on preventive care, and financial incentives to reduce unnecessary care.

Capitation

A method of paying providers a fixed fee for each patient regardless of the quantity of services provided.

Deductible

The amount an insured patient must pay out of pocket for medical care every year before the insurance plan begins to cover costs.

Medicare Part A

The portion of Medicare that covers healthcare services received in hospitals, nursing facilities, hospice care, and certain home health care programs.

Federal Poverty Level (FPL)

A calculation reflecting federal government guidelines for assessing need based on income and the cost of living for families to be self-supportive.

Safety net providers

Providers that by mandate or mission organize and deliver a significant level of healthcare and other services to the uninsured, Medicaid, and other vulnerable patients.

Enabling services

Services such as transportation, interpretation, education, and community outreach that enhance access to medical care.

Activities of Daily Living (ADL)

A measure of an individual's functioning encompassing six basic activities: eating, bathing, dressing, maintaining continence, using a toilet, and transferring.

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)

A measure of an individual's ability to live independently, including activities such as driving, shopping, preparing meals, and performing housework.

TRICARE

A military-financed program that provides healthcare coverage for the families and dependents of active-duty or retired military personnel.

Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH)

A coordinated care approach led by a primary care physician that focuses on the patient as a member of the care team.

Accountable Care Organizations (ACO)

Groups of providers that work in a coordinated team to deliver high-quality care to Medicare patients at the lowest possible cost.

Certificate-Of-Need (CON)

Statutes at the state level requiring government agency approval for the construction or expansion of healthcare facilities as a form of cost containment.

Conditions of Participation

Health and safety standards defined by CMS as the minimum requirements that hospitals and medical centers must meet to serve publicly insured patients.

Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA)

A 1986 act requiring Medicare-participating hospitals to provide screening and stabilization to all patients regardless of their ability to pay.