SLP 481A Chapter 8: Intellectual Disability 낱말 카드

What is intellectual disability?

A disability originating before age 22 with significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior

What two areas must show significant limitations for an ID diagnosis?

Intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior

What is intellectual functioning?

The ability to plan; solve problems; learn new information; and learn from experiences

What is adaptive behavior?

Everyday conceptual; social; and practical skills needed for independent functioning

What are conceptual adaptive skills?

Language; communication; reading; writing; and academic skills

What are social adaptive skills?

Interpersonal relationships; following rules; self confidence; and self advocacy

What are practical adaptive skills?

Personal hygiene; following schedules; handling money; working; and health care participation

What IQ score indicates significant intellectual limitations?

Approximately 70 to 75 or below

Why should ID severity not be determined by IQ alone?

Adaptive functioning and support needs better reflect everyday participation

What are the four levels of support for individuals with ID?

Intermittent; limited; extensive; and pervasive

What is the ecological model of ID?

An approach examining individual functioning within family; school; community; cultural systems; and available supports

What are the four systems of the ecological model?

Microsystem; mesosystem; macrosystem; and chronosystem

What are the five dimensions of ID functioning?

Intellectual ability; adaptive behavior; participation; health; and context

What is functional communication?

Communication used to express needs; wants; feelings; preferences; and social connection during everyday life

What is the approximate prevalence of ID?

About 1 to 3 percent of the population

Does ID occur more frequently in males or females?

Males

Approximately what percentage of school based SLP caseloads may include children with ID?

Nearly 20 percent

What percentage of students ages 5 to 21 receiving special education have ID?

Approximately 6 percent

What are the three periods when ID risk factors can occur?

Prenatal; perinatal; and postnatal

What are the four types of ID risk factors?

Biomedical; social; behavioral; and educational

What are examples of prenatal ID risk factors?

Genetic abnormalities; inherited syndromes; and prenatal environmental exposures

What are examples of postnatal ID risk factors?

Traumatic brain injury; lead exposure; and harmful environmental conditions

What is idiopathic ID?

Intellectual disability with an unknown exact cause

Approximately what percentage of ID cases have an unknown cause?

About 40 to 60 percent

What is traumatic brain injury?

An acquired brain injury caused by external physical force that may impair functioning

What are common causes of childhood TBI?

Falls; motor vehicle accidents; and physical abuse

What is knowledge based processing?

Top down processing using previous experiences and existing knowledge

What is data based processing?

Bottom up processing using incoming information from the environment

What is attention?

The ability to orient and react to a specific stimulus

How can clinicians support attention in individuals with ID?

Gain attention first; increase wait time; reduce information load; and emphasize important cues

What is discrimination?

The ability to attend to specific stimuli among similar competing stimuli

What is stimulus overselectivity?

Responding to only a limited feature of a stimulus rather than considering all relevant information

What is organization?

Systematically arranging information to improve processing and retrieval

What is chunking?

Grouping information into familiar manageable units to support learning and memory

What is memory or working memory?

Current information retained and used to complete everyday tasks

What strategies can improve memory in individuals with ID?

Verbal rehearsal; image rehearsal; chunking; visual supports; and mnemonics

What is simultaneous processing?

Coordinating multiple pieces of information into a connected system

What is successive processing?

Processing information in a step by step or linear sequence

What is near transfer?

Applying a learned skill in a closely related situation

What is far transfer?

Applying a learned skill in a substantially different situation

What is social reinforcement?

Reinforcement through social responses such as praise; attention; encouragement; or positive interaction

What is a tangible reward?

A physical item or material reward provided to reinforce a behavior

What type of reinforcement does the chapter encourage in functional intervention?

Social reinforcement rather than tangible rewards when appropriate

What strategies support vocabulary learning for individuals with ID?

Teach words in meaningful contexts; connect to familiar knowledge; use visual cues; repetition; chunking; and rehearsal

Why is contextualized vocabulary instruction important for ID?

Familiar and functional situations help individuals understand; remember; and use vocabulary in daily life

What is cognitive referencing?

Comparing language scores with nonverbal IQ to determine whether language intervention is warranted

Why is cognitive referencing discouraged?

Language abilities can improve beyond expectations based on IQ and should not determine service eligibility

What are relative strengths of Down syndrome?

Receptive vocabulary; visual spatial skills; social engagement; gestures; and joint attention

What are relative weaknesses of Down syndrome?

Morphosyntax; auditory short term memory; speech intelligibility; and complex sentence production

What genetic characteristic is associated with Down syndrome?

An extra copy of chromosome 21 in the most common form

What are relative strengths of Williams syndrome?

Verbal abilities; auditory memory; facial recognition; emotional understanding; and expressive morphosyntax

What are relative weaknesses of Williams syndrome?

Visual spatial reasoning; planning; problem solving; pragmatic communication; and narrative organization

What genetic characteristic is associated with Williams syndrome?

Deletion of a small portion of chromosome 7

What are relative strengths of Fragile X syndrome?

Receptive vocabulary; lexical skills; and daily living abilities relative to other skills

What are relative weaknesses of Fragile X syndrome?

Pragmatics; expressive language; morphosyntax; phonology; prosody; and attention

What genetic characteristic is associated with Fragile X syndrome?

Expansion of the CGG sequence in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome

What is important about Asperger syndrome in this Chapter 8 material?

The chapter does not provide an Asperger syndrome strengths and weaknesses profile

Why are criterion referenced assessments especially important for ID?

They document functional communication and individual strengths without relying only on potentially unrepresentative norms

What is Achieving Communication Competence?

An ecological assessment of communication opportunities and skills during everyday interactions

What are the four Communication Skill Inventory domains?

Interact; communicate; express; and receive

What is the Supports Intensity Scale?

An assessment measuring practical support needs for individuals with ID ages 16 and older

What is functional communication training?

A behavioral intervention replacing challenging behaviors with effective communication responses serving the same purpose

What are maladaptive behaviors?

Behaviors such as tantrums; aggression; or self injury that interfere with functioning and may serve a communicative purpose

What does ABC stand for in behavioral assessment?

Antecedent; behavior; and consequence

What is an antecedent in ABC analysis?

An event or condition occurring before a behavior

What is a consequence in ABC analysis?

An event following a behavior that may influence whether the behavior occurs again

What are the major steps of FCT?

Identify triggers and behavior function; select an equivalent communication response; teach it; reinforce it; and generalize it

What is a peer to peer program?

A school based program creating reciprocal friendships and meaningful shared participation among students with and without disabilities

How do peer to peer programs differ from traditional helping models?

Both peers participate as equal partners rather than one student only helping the other

What is transition planning?

Planning and supporting a student's movement from school into adult work and community life

What skills are especially important for successful workplace transition?

Communication; social interaction; collaboration; responding to feedback; and self advocacy

What are the four categories of transition strategies?

Student focused; peer focused; support focused; and compensatory strategies

What are compensatory transition strategies?

Using tools such as AAC; reminders; schedules; and workplace apps to increase independence