GEO + City preperation for exam

What is migration?

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, usually to live there for a period.

What is internal migration?

Movement of people within the same country.

What is international migration?

Movement of people from one country to another.

What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?

A person who is forced to leave their home but remains within their own country.

What is a refugee?

A person who has been forced to leave their country because of war, persecution or serious danger and seeks safety in another country.

What is the difference between an IDP and a refugee?

IDP stays inside their own country; a refugee crosses an international border.

What is a push factor?

Something that encourages or forces people to leave a place.

What is a pull factor?

Something that attracts people to a new place.

How do push and pull factors influence migration?

People may leave because of push factors and move towards places with attractive pull factors.

Where has Australia's overseas-born population come from?

Australia's migrants have come from many parts of the world, particularly Europe and Asia.

How have Australia's main migrant origins changed over time?

After WWII, from Europe (UK, Italy, Greece); more recently, increasingly from Asian countries like India and China.

Why should you compare migration data from different years?

To identify changes and trends in where Australia's migrants are coming from.

What is urbanisation?

Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, such as cities.

Why do people move from rural areas to cities?

For jobs, education, healthcare, better housing, entertainment, and more services.

What are rural-to-urban push factors?

Factors encouraging people to leave rural areas, such as few jobs, poor services, drought, and low agricultural income.

What are rural-to-urban pull factors?

Factors attracting people to cities, such as more employment, better schools, hospitals, and higher wages.

How has Delhi's population changed?

It has grown significantly over time because of natural population growth and migration from rural areas and other regions.

What is population density?

The number of people living in a particular area, usually measured as people per square kilometre.

How is population density calculated?

Population density = Population ÷ Area

What can cause high population density?

Flat land, reliable water supply, good climate, jobs, good transport, schools, hospitals, and infrastructure.

What can cause low population density?

Deserts, extreme climates, mountains, lack of water, poor transport, few jobs, and limited services.

Give examples of high and low population density.

High: Mumbai, India; Low: Australian Outback.

What is a megacity?

An urban area with a population of 10 million or more.

Name some major megacities.

Tokyo, Delhi, Shanghai, Mumbai, São Paulo, Mexico City, Cairo, Manila, Jakarta.

Where are most megacities located?

Mainly concentrated in Asia, with other major concentrations in Africa, Europe, and the Americas.

How would you describe the distribution of megacities?

Using geographical language such as concentrated, clustered, scattered, mostly located, predominantly, along, near.

What are social advantages of living in cities?

Better access to schools, hospitals, public transport, entertainment, cultural activities, and community services.

What are social disadvantages of cities?

Overcrowding, traffic, housing shortages, homelessness, inequality, noise, and crime in some areas.

What are economic advantages of cities?

More jobs, higher wages, more businesses, greater investment, and more economic opportunities.

What are economic disadvantages of cities?

Expensive housing, high cost of living, competition for jobs, income inequality, and unemployment in some areas.

What are environmental advantages of cities?

Use public transport, support efficient infrastructure, reduce land use per person, and make waste/water systems efficient.

What are environmental disadvantages of cities?

Air pollution, water pollution, traffic congestion, waste, urban heat islands, and loss of natural habitats.

What is suburbanisation?

The movement of people and businesses from the inner city to outer suburban areas.

What are impacts of suburbanisation?

More housing and space, urban sprawl, longer travel distances, and increased car use.

What is urban renewal?

The redevelopment and improvement of older or run-down urban areas.

What are the advantages of urban renewal?

Improves buildings, creates housing, improves public spaces, attracts businesses, and can create jobs.

What are disadvantages of urban renewal?

Expensive, existing residents may be displaced, can increase property prices, and construction causes disruption.

What is decentralisation?

The movement of people, businesses, and services away from the central city towards other areas.

Why is decentralisation used?

To reduce pressure on the CBD, reduce congestion, create new employment centres, and spread population growth.

What is an example of managing urban growth?

Urban renewal in Melbourne's Docklands transforming former industrial land into mixed-use space.

Attrition

Materials carried by waves bump into each other, breaking down into smaller particles.

Hydraulic Action

The force of water compressing air in coastal cracks, causing repeated expansion and rock breakdown.

Corrosion

The chemical action of seawater slowly dissolving coastal rocks like limestone and chalk.

Abrasion / Corrasion

The coast is worn down by rock particles thrown against it at high velocity by waves.

Headlands and Bays

Harder rock resists destructive waves to form headlands; softer rock wears away quicker to form bays.

Wave-cut Platforms

Formed when destructive waves undercut cliffs to form notches, causing collapses that leave a flat rock platform.

Caves

Form in weak spots along cliffs.

Weathering vs. Erosion

Weathering breaks down rocks in place; erosion moves broken-down rock away by agents like waves or wind.

Longshore Drift

The movement of sediment along a coast in a zigzag pattern due to diagonal swash and straight backwash.

Beaches

Formed when constructive waves deposit sediment such as sand, pebbles, and shells.

Sand Dunes

Formed when wind carries dry sand inland, where it is trapped by obstacles and stabilized by vegetation.

Spits

A long, narrow area of sand or sediment extending from the coastline where the shore changes direction.

Constructive vs. Destructive Waves

Constructive waves have strong swash and weak backwash; destructive waves have weak swash and strong backwash.

Landscape

A section of the Earth's surface made up of a variety of geographical features (landforms); natural or human.

Landform

A specific shape or physical feature of the Earth's surface produced naturally by a geomorphic process.

Spiritual Value

The connection people have with a landscape because of their beliefs and spirituality, such as connection to Country.

Cultural Value

The importance a landscape has to the culture and identity of a group, influencing stories, art, and traditions.

Economic Value

The ways a landscape provides income, jobs, or resources through activities like tourism, farming, and mining.

Aesthetic Value

The beauty and uniqueness of a landscape, which is subjective and provides a sense of enjoyment and wellbeing.

Competing Values

When the same landscape is valued differently by different groups, sometimes causing conflicts.

Swash and Backwash

Swash is water moving up the beach after a wave breaks; backwash is water flowing back down towards the sea.

Factors Affecting Waves

Wind speed, wind duration, and fetch determine the size and energy of waves created by wind.

Arches

Form when coastal caves break through a headland.

Stacks

Form when sea arches eventually collapse, leaving isolated rock pillars.

Natural Landscapes

Landscapes mainly shaped by nature, such as mountains, deserts, and rivers.

Human Landscapes

Landscapes created or changed by people, such as cities and farms.

Mountain Landscapes

Landscapes often formed by tectonic plate movement or volcanic activity, containing ridges, peaks, and valleys.

Coastal Landscapes

Areas where land meets the sea, constantly changed by waves, wind, and storms.

River Landscapes

Landscapes shaped by water moving from higher to lower areas, creating fertile soil valuable for farming.

Desert Landscapes

Areas receiving 250 mm or less of rainfall annually, categorized into hot and cold deserts.

Sea Walls

Strong parallel structures built between sea and land to protect infrastructure, though expensive.

Groynes

Structures built perpendicular to the coast to interrupt longshore drift and trap sand.

Beach Nourishment

Adding extra sand to an eroding beach from another source to create a larger buffer against waves.

Offshore Breakwaters

Barriers constructed in the water a short distance from the coast to cause waves to break early and reduce energy.