Greek Alphabet and Culture

Gamma plus another Gamma makes what sound?

ng sound

Double consonants in the alphabet are what? (meaning you hold the sound a bit longer, 4)

double lambda, double mu, double pi, and double tau

Aspirated consonants are what? (3)

chi, theta, phi

What does it mean when a consonant is aspirated?

There is an “h” sound (breathing) after you pronounce them.

What are the only two short vowels?

omicron, epsilon

What are the two long vowels and what are they marked by?

eta, omega, marked by a macron

What three vowels can be either long or short and how do you know what they are?

alpha, iota, upsilon, not marked with a macron = short

What is a dipthong and what does the combination consist of?

The combination of two vowels, 99% of the time long, a vowel + iota or upsilon

Name all dipthongs (iota):

alpha + iota = high omicron + iota = boy

epsilon + iota = they upsilon + iota = gOOey

Name all dipthongs (upsilon):

omicron + upsilon = fool epsilon + upsilon = eh ooh

eta + upsilon = ay ooh alpha + upsilon = how

When an iota is coupled up with a long alpha, eta, omega, what happens and what is this called?

iota is written under the letter: This is called a iota subscript (improper dipthong)

alpha eta omega

iota iota iota

What types of breathing is there, what do they look like, and what do they do + e.g.?

iota> iota>

Rough - h before the vowel: alpha E.G. - epsilon + nu = hen

(to pronunciation) <iota <iota

Smooth - no change: alpha E.G. - epsilon + nu = en

What are the punctuations?

; = ? . = .

, = , ‘ = ; (period but up)

How many types of accents are there and what do they indicate?

^ / \

1.) Circumflex - (alpha) 2.) Acute - (alpha) 3.) Grave - (alpha)

They indicate when a syllable is stressed.

What is the special case with the grave accent?

Grave accents can only stand on the last syllable of a word.

What are the three names of the last 3 syllables of a word in Greek and when do they only appear?

Accents only fall on the last three syllables

Last: Second to Last: Third to Last:

Ultima Penult Antepenult

When and where were the first Greek settlers seen?

They were seen around 2000 BC in Crete and Mycenae.

When was Greek civilization at its height according to the notes?

461 BC.

When was Roman civilization at its height according to the notes?

150 BC.

What was Roman culture, civilization, and language based on?

They were based on the Greeks.

Why did the Romans study Greek civilization?

They studied it to go back to their roots.

What are some major things that the Greeks passed on to later civilizations?

The alphabet, literature, philosophy, science and medicine, art and sculpture, architecture, democracy, mythology, and drama.

What did the Greeks contribute to the alphabet?

They developed and passed on the Greek alphabet, which later influenced the Roman alphabet.

What important Greek literary works?

The Odyssey and Iliad by Homer.

What Roman literary work was influenced by Greek literature?

The Aeneid by Virgil.

What are some Greek philosophers and what did they contribute to philosophy?

Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato. They developed major ideas.

Who was Hippocrates?

Hippocrates was a Greek figure in science and medicine who is described in the notes as the first doctor and is associated with the Hippocratic Oath.

What did the Greeks contribute to art and sculpture?

They developed important traditions in art and sculpture like columns, domes, and temples.

What political system did the Greeks contribute to?

Democracy.

What stories and beliefs did the Greeks contribute through mythology?

They passed on Greek myths and mythology.

What type of entertainment and literature did the Greeks develop?

They developed drama.

What percentage of the English language is Latin and Greek?

65% Latin and 20% Greek.

Where does the Greek language come from?

The Greek language comes from the Phoenicians, and the Greeks modified the letters and added vowels.

What did the Romans do with the Greek alphabet?

The Romans adopted the Greek alphabet for their own alphabet.

When was the Greek alphabet standardized in Greece?

4th century BC.

When was the Greek alphabet passed on?

It was passed on around/after the time of the Trojan War.

What are the three Greek dialects listed in the notes?

Attic, Doric, and Aeolic.

What is the Attic Greek dialect associated with and do we use this dialect?

Athens. Yes.

What is the Doric Greek dialect associated with and do we use this dialect?

Sparta. No.

What is the Aeolic Greek dialect associated with and do we use this dialect?

Asia Minor, which is modern-day Turkey. No.