Psychology 101 - Unit Three

Memory, Forgetting, Language, Problem Solving, Intelligence, Decision Making, Health, and Motivation

Declarative Memory

Facts and events

Non-Declarative Memory

Actions, skills, and priming

Retrospective

Past declarative memory

Prospective

Future declarative memory

Chunking

Groups of info

Availability

Exists in the long-term memory

Accessability

Read to be retrieved in certain contexts

Part of original coding, available when needed, and make it weird

Encoding principals

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Blocked access, some access

Peg-word technique

Have a list and pair each with need-to-remember items

Spreading activation theory

Red ——> apple ——> pair

Schema

An organization of knowledge based on previous experiences

Proactive Interface

Yesterday parked in section A ——> Today B ——> Next day, look for car in A

Retroactive Interface

Yesterday met Joan ——> Today met Kate ——> Next day call Joan “Kate”

Anterograde amnesia

Lose ability to form new memories

Retrograde Amnesia

Lose old memories

Misattribution

False recall due to familiarity after suggestion

Behaviorist theory

The idea that language comes from imitation and learned experiences

Nativist theory

The idea that language is already “hard wired” into our brains

Interactionist theory

Both Behaviorist and Nativist theory

Phoneme

Smallest part of speech (sounds)

Morphemes

Suffixes, prefixes, “I”

Semantics

Deriving meaning from morphemes

Syntax

Grammar rules

Prototype theory

The mental image you think of when someone talks about an item

Inducing structure

(Problem solving) Discovering relationships between parts

Arrangement

(Problem solving) Arranging parts to satisfy criteria

Transformation

(Problem solving) Carrying out a sequence in order to reach a goal

Irrelevant information

(Barriers) When given lots of info, we think we have to use all of it, when we don’t need to

Functional fixedness

(Barriers) Only using something for their intended purpose

Mental set

(Barriers) Stuck on something we know how to do when there’s actually an easier solution

Unnecessary constraints

(Barriers) Circles in a square puzzle

Heuristics

Randomly picking with a trail and error mindset

Incubation

Stepping away from a problem and then coming back to it later

Flynn effect

Each generation gets higher and higher intelligent scores

Availability heuristics

probability = accessibility/familiarity

Representativeness heuristic

Probability = similarity to prototype

Conjunction fallacy

The probability of two things being greater than the probability of one thing

Biopsychosocial model

Health is determined by a dynamic interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors

Clinical health

Individual level

Community health

Community level

Public health

Population level

Critical health

Advocates at the social justice level

Eustress

What athletes feel before a game

Absolute stress

Seeing a rattlesnake

Relative stress

Getting a C on a test

Acute stress

Happens once

Cronic stress

A stressor that doesn’t leave

HPA axis

Controls reactions to stress

Reappraisal

Thinking about stress in a different way

Learned helplessness

Having repeated bad events with no way out and then giving up

Problem focused coping

“fixing” or altering the stress

Emotion focused coping

Changing the emotions associated with stress

Emotional regulation

the ability to modify the duration or intensity of emotions in order to respond to the environment

Biological motivation

Evolutionary instincts

Stress and arousal motivation

Homeostasis regarding stress and arousal

Cognitive motivation

Self-efficiency

Social motivation

Achievement, affiliation, and intimacy

Intrinsic motivation

The activity itself is the reward

Extrinsic motivation

The thing you get after the activity is the reward

Amotivation

No motivation

Link-word technique

Take something you know and link it to something

Mnemonic memory

Memory cues (Ex: PEMDAS)