Unit 3 Facts & Terms chapter 7-9

Republican Motherhood

A role for women that stressed the importance of instructing children in republican virtues such as patriotism and honor; Significance: changed the role of women and made it more important for women to become educated and literate.

Noah Webster

Educator and lawyer who felt schools should teach American students nationalistic and patriotic themes; published a spelling book that simplified many English words (e.g., honour to honor); Sign.: his dictionary would help establish an American form of English.

Deism

Belief that God created the universe in such a way that no divine intervention was necessary for its continued operation; Deists tended to deny the miracles in the Bible and the divine nature of Jesus as the Son of God; Franklin and Jefferson were Deists; Sign.: helped develop a humanistic approach to religion in America; reaction against Deism helped spark the 2nd Great Awakening.

2nd Great Awakening

Origins lay in the efforts of conservative theologians of the 1790s to fight the spread of religious rationalism, like Deism; Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians spread religious upsurge that included revival meetings and great emotionalism; Dates: 1800 to 1840; Significance: helped to start many of the reform movements (abolition, temperance, mental care, etc.) of the 1st half of the 19th century; also, gave women and African-Americans a chance to participate in public ways in religion.

Samuel Slater

In the 1800s, Britain tried to protect its manufacturing pre-eminence by preventing the exporting of textile technology and the emigration of skilled mechanics; Slater memorized blueprints and recreated these from memory for use in America; created the first American textile factory in Pawtucket, R.I.; Significance: helped usher in the age of industrial growth in America with factories and working populations.

Eli Whitney

Growth of the textile industry in England created a huge demand for cotton. The greatest obstacle was separating the seeds from the cotton. In 1793, Whitney invented a machine that performed the task quickly and efficiently. Term "cotton gin" was short for cotton machine; Whitney also created a process that would make interchangeable parts for guns, which improved repair and replacement; Sign.: cotton gin helped to revive and spread the cotton industry; interchangeable parts helped to increase development of factories and mass production.

Thomas Jefferson

Author of the Decl. Of Indep. and the Va. Act of Religious Toleration; 3rd President of the U.S.; founded the Republican Party and believed in strict construction of the Const.; reduced the army and navy; bought La. Purchase; sent Lewis and Clark to explore West; accepted many federalist ideas or institutions; got Congress to pass the Embargo Act in 1807.

Marbury v. Madison

William Marbury was one of Adams' "midnight appointments" but he never received his commission from the Sec. of State; under the new administration of Jefferson he asked the new Sec of State, J. Madison, to issue him his commission; Madison refused so Marbury appealed to the Supreme Court; John Marshall's court ruled that Marbury had a right to the commission but ruled that the commission was illegal because it had been created by an unconstitutional law, the Judiciary Act of 1789; Sign.: Sup. Court relinquished a minor power (the power to force commission delivery) but asserted a much greater power (the power to declare a law unconstitutional and thus nullify a federal law

La. Purchase

The U.S. purchase from France in 1803 of a vast tract of land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. The land was bought for $15 million. Napoleon agreed to sell the entire area because his dream of creating a new French empire in North America vanished when his army was decimated by disease and fighting in Haiti. Sign.: doubled the size of the U.S.; helped create new lands for Jefferson's dream of a nation of farmers.

Lewis and Clark

Even before the La. Purchase, Jefferson had commissioned an expedition to cross the continent to the Pacific Ocean; they traveled up the Missouri River, down the Snake and the Columbia to the Pacific Ocean; Sign.: proved once and for all, there would be no easy water route to the Pacific; expedition obtained vital information on the West; helped establish relations with the Native Americans.

Chesapeake Affair

The British Navy had been impressing American sailors off of American ships. In 1807, the American naval frigate Chesapeake was stopped by the British Leopard and ordered to allow them to search the vessel for British sailors who had deserted the British navy. Chesapeake refused, British opened fire and finally, 4 sailors were taken off. Sign.: almost caused a war betw. US and Brit.; Brit. refused to renounce impressments.

Embargo Act of 1807

In an effort to keep the nation at peace in lieu of rising tensions between Napoleon and Britain, Jefferson prevented all American ships from leaving American waters to any nation. Jefferson argued that a ban only on ship travel to France or Britain would have been impossible to enforce. Jefferson ended the embargo in 1808 because it had only hurt Americans. Sign.: unintended consequence was that it helped spur Americans to develop their own industrial output; created much animosity in New England towards the Republicans.

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Tenskwatawa, known as the Prophet, experienced a mystical awakening trying to recover from alcoholism. The Prophet and his brother, Tecumseh, tried to unite all the Indian tribes to resist the white encroachments in 1807. Sign.: led to major uprising of Indians; eventually, both the Prophet and Tecumseh were killed in the fighting.

Non-intercourse Act

This law replaced the Embargo Act and was passed just before Madison took office in 1808. The law reopened trade with all nations except Great Britain and France. Sign.: This law failed and eventually was replaced.

Macon's Bill #2

A year after the Non-intercourse Act was passed, it was allowed to expire and was replaced by Macon's Bill #2. This law stated that the U.S. would reopen trade with Britain and France. But it stipulated that if either nation agreed to lift its restrictions on American shipping, then trading sanctions would be imposed on the other. Sign.: France agreed to the stipulation, and thus, U.S. imposed sanctions on Great Britain. This lead to Orders in Council and eventually, to the War of 1812.

Hartford Convention

A meeting of New England Federalists in 1814 in which they protested the War of 1812 and demanded constitutional changes to protect the commercial interests of New England. Proposed amendments included abolition of 3/5ths compromise, limit of one-term for the presidency, repeal of the Embargo Act of 1813. Federalists threatened to secede from the Union if demands were not met. Sign.: When the Hartford resolutions showed up in Washington D.C. at the same time as the news of the victory in New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent, it helped bring about the death of the Federalist Party; a northern statement of states' rights.

Nationalism

Feeling proud about one's nation and feeling an identity with one's nation; Sign.: American nationalism grew rapidly after the War of 1812 and up to the 1830s.

Sectionalism

Feeling loyalty to your own section of the country; sectionalism was reflected in the Hartford Convention, the Missouri Compromise and especially, with the approach of the Civil War.

Internal improvements

The nation's most pressing problem after the War of 1812 was its transportation system; a debate emerged over which part of government was responsible for the funding of such improvements-the state or the federal government; Gallatin, Sec. of Treasury, recommended the using of revenue from the sales of lands in the Ohio Territory; Madison vetoed a bill introduced by Calhoun and passed by Congress; Madison felt the law was unconstitutional even though desirable.

Era of Good Feelings

Monroe became President in 1817, and made a tour of the nation; The Columbian Sentinel, noted Monroe's willingness to appoint both northerners and southerners and said that an era of good feelings had come; in 1820, the Federalists didn't even nominate a candidate to run against Monroe and some felt that party competition had died out; however, there were many issues that still deeply divided the nation.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Treaty negotiated by Sec. of State, John Q. Adams and Onis, from Spain; gave Florida to the U.S. in exchange for U.S. abandoning claim to Texas and parts of the Northwest; it defined the La. Terr., though vaguely when it got to the Rocky Mountains.

Trail of Tears

Occurred after the Congress passed the Indian Removal Act and appropriated money to remove the Indians west of the Miss. River; In 1835, the U.S. obtained a treaty from some of the Cherokee Indians to take Cherokee lands but thousands of Cherokees refused to give up their claims to the land; in the winter of 1838, the Indians were forced to settle in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) and hundreds died of exposure along the way; Sign.: proved to Indians that assimilation did not work, because the Cherokee had tried to adopt the white man's ways; also, many felt it showed how callous Andrew Jackson was to NAs.

Panic of 1819

Followed a period of high demand for American farm goods and a massive increase in the speculation over western land; speculators had borrowed money to buy land, but when the banks called in the loans, they could not pay off the loans; the land values declined; when loans were not paid back, then the state banks began to fail starting a 6 year depression; Sign.: many blamed the national bank for the depression and this Panic started a strong debate on the issue.

Missouri Compromise

When Mo. applied for admission to the U.S., slavery was well established in that territory; Northerners did not want another slave state to be added to the Union because it would upset the slave/free state balance; Compromise called for the addition of Mo. to the Union as a slave state and for Maine to be added as a free state; also, all La. Terr. north of the southern border of Mo., 36'30", would be free terr. and all terr. south of the southern border would be slave territory; Sign.: it settled a strong division in the country, but many felt that the establishment of a geographical line dividing the country into slave and free would eventually destroy the Union (Jefferson was among these).

John Marshall

Served as Supreme Court Chief Justice from 1801-1835; dominated the Supreme Court; increased the power of Supreme Court by utilizing judicial review; increased the power of the federal govt. at the expense of the states; advanced the interests of the propertied and commercial classes by holding as sacred the rights of property and inviolability of contracts; confirmed the implied powers of Congress by upholding the BUS; main cases included: Marbury v. Madison, Cohen v. Va., McCullough v. Md., Gibbons v. Ogden, Dartmouth v. Woodward.

Monroe Doctrine

Asserted nationalism in foreign policy; brainchild of John Q. Adams; Brit. had proposed a joint declaration that would prohibit further colonization of the Western hemisphere; Adams insisted the U.S. should issue its own declaration; main parts: Western hemisphere off limits for further colonization; US will stay out of European affairs; Sign.: key document in American foreign policy; at first it was enforced by Brit. Navy; in late 19th and throughout the 20th century, it became the justification for frequent U.S. interventions in Latin America.

Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828; it outraged Southerners because it protected northern woolen products, but made the south pay more for imported goods; led to big battle with Calhoun and southern states which reintroduced question of nullification; Sign.: helped increase feelings of sectionalism that threatened the Union.

Corrupt Bargain

In 1824 election, there were 4 major candidates receiving electoral votes: JQ Adams (84), Clay (37), Crawford (41), and Jackson (99); since no one got 50% of the electoral votes, the decision went to the House of Rep.s to pick among the top 3 candidates; Clay was the Speaker of the House and he had been eliminated; he met with Adams and after the meeting threw his support behind Adams; consequently, Adams won the election in the House of Rep.; shortly afterward, Clay was named as Sec. of State, which was seen as the stepping stone to the Presidency; Sign.: doomed Clay's presidential aspirations; made many Americans desire a more democratic system of politics.

King Mob

March 4, 1829, Jackson was inaugurated as the new President; he invited anyone who wanted to attend a party at the White House; 1,000s of commoners attended the reception which turned into a mob with people destroying and stealing things; the only thing that saved the White House was that booze was moved outside; Sign.: the phrase King Mob is used to refer to the masses and the move to democracy that Jackson seemed to epitomize.

Daniel Webster

One of those known as the Great Triumvirate, with Calhoun and Clay; frequently referred to as the greatest American orator; argued federalist positions in front of the Supreme Court as well as Congress; elected as Congressman from New Hampshire, but later moved to Mass.; joined the Whig Party and ran for Pres.; Webster-Hayne debate was over the Tariff of 1828; Webster argued for a strong central govt. and against the idea of nullification; many of his speeches became famous and were memorized by young students to show patriotism.

Political boss

A leader of a political party who uses patronage to gain voters; the boss intimidates voters; gained powers in municipal governments; started in the 1830s, but gained more and more power until the Progressive reforms of the early 20th century.

Martin Van Buren

(Little Magician) He helps to legitimize political parties; he was VP under Jackson from 1833-1837 and became Pres. from 1837-1841; he helped establish Independent Treasury; his Presidency was doomed by the Panic of 1837, which Jackson's policies helped bring about; he ran for President several more times on different parties.

Spoils system

Idea that the winner of an election should be able to replace government officials with his supporters; "to the winner belong the spoils"; spoils system was in effect on the state and local level, Jackson brought it to the federal level; Sign.: led to widespread political corruption; eventually replaced by civil service system for most jobs.

John C. Calhoun

Known as one of the Great Triumvirate; elected as a War Hawk in the election of 1810; was a federalist and later became a Whig; he was VP under J.Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson, but resigned over the Tariff and Peggy Eaton controversies; in 1828, he wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest; in this document, Calhoun argued the Const. was created by a compact of the states and the states could choose to end the compact; he argued the Tariff of Abominations was unconstitutional, thus, the states had the right to nullify the law; Sign.: he was the most famous of the Southern states' rights leaders, but he wanted to preserve the union.

Nullification

Started with the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798; based on the compact theory: 1. states formed the constitution, thus a. if Congress passed an unconstitutional law, the Federal govt. had broken the compact with the states; b. states could nullify unconstitutional laws and would not have to obey them; 2. if such laws are forced on the states, then they have a right to secede from the union; Sign.: this theory would eventually lead to the Civil War.

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Tariff package designed to win support for anti-Adams forces in Congress; its passage discredited Adams but set off sectional tension over tariff issues that resulted in the Tariff of 1832, the Force Act, and finally, the Compromise of 1833 which prevented a possible secession.

Peggy Eaton affair

Peggy O'Neal was a beautiful woman who had been brought up in a tavern; John H. Eaton, one of Jackson's friends and a cabinet member, married Miss Eaton; other cabinet members wanted nothing to do with her; Jackson was furious because of the scandalous accusations made against his own wife in the election of 1828; Jackson defended Eaton; Mrs. Calhoun led a protest that resulted in several cabinet members resigning; Sign.: helped split Calhoun and Jackson and helped push Calhoun more into the states' right camp.

Henry Clay

Elected as a War Hawk in the 1810 election; one of the members of the Great Triumvirate; elected as Speaker of the House in his first term and many times thereafter; became Sec. of State under John Q. Adams and was branded by the Corrupt Bargain; ran several times for President but lost all races; known as the Great Compromiser for working out compromises on Missouri (1820), Tariff battle (1833), and helped on the Comp. Of 1850; he belonged to the Republican party and later the Whig party; proposed the American System.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Marshall ruled that the Cherokee Nation has no right to have its case heard in court; Cherokee Nation is a "semi-independent" nation.

Nicholas Biddle and Bank War

Biddle made the 2nd BUS very profitable, and was its president. He finds out that Jackson wants to do away with the bank, so he allies himself with powerful men in Congress (Webster and Clay). He gets an Act passed to renew the Bank, but Jackson vetoes it. Jackson soon takes all of the Federal money out of the BUS and places it in the State Banks (his pet banks), which in turn causes Biddle to call in loans from the people. Not many can pay back the money at the time, thus the money supply gets shorter, and Biddle won't give anyone any loans. In the end Biddle cracks and is forced to release money back to the public again.

Soft Money/Hard Money

Soft money was paper money issued w/ little or no backing in gold or silver, and was favored by many people in debt. Hard money was issued in gold or silver, or was paper money completely backed by gold or silver.

Whig Party

Called themselves Whigs after the English party that sought to reduce the power of the monarch. They favored expanded power of the Federal government, encouraged the commercial and industrial development, were cautious about westward expansion, and favored the BUS. The Great Triumvirate were the most prominent members of the Whig party.

Panic of 1837

In 1836, not long before leaving office, Jackson issued "specie circular" which said that all public land debts had to be paid in hard money. It produced a financial panic that began in the first months of Van Buren's presidency.

Pet Banks

State banks into which Andrew Jackson ordered federal deposits to be placed to help deplete the funds of the Second Bank of the United States; many of these banks failed during the Panic of 1837.

Specie circular

Order issued by President Jackson in 1836 stating that the federal government would accept only specie—gold and silver—as payment for public land; Sign.: this shrunk the money supply available for purchasing of land; this lack of money made it so those who had purchased land hoping the price would increase began to panic and tried to sell the land at any price they could get; this decreased the price for land and set off the Panic of 1837.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Aroostook War was the war with the British over timber rights in Maine. The Creole, a slave ship that mutinied, sails to the Bahamas, and the British would not give the slaves back, but instead declared them free. The Caroline was a ship burnt down by the British in the Great Lakes after it is suspected of bringing arms to insurgents in Canada. The Treaty solves a Canadian/American border in Maine, and reduces tensions between America and Britain.