Bio 162 Exam 1 PSU

The forehead is ______ to the nose.

superior

The chin is ____ to the mouth

inferior

The chest is _______ to the spine

anterior

tongue is ___________ to the teeth

posterior

belly button is ____________ to the hips

medial

nostrils are __________ to the nose tip

lateral

the elbow is _______ to the wrist

proximal

neck is _____________ to belly button

cranial

shoulders are ____________ to the head

caudal

top of feet are __________ to the bottom

dorsal

the chest is _________ to the backbone

ventral

_________ is the expanded end

head

_________ is the long middle portion

shaft

_________ is a shallow depression

fossa

_________ is a groove that allows nerves to pass

sulcus

_________ is a socket for tooth

alveolus

_________ is a narrow ridge

crest

_________ is a narrow raised area

line

_________ is a bony projection

process

_________ is a smooth rounded projection

condyle

_________ is a very large, rough looking process

trochanter

_________ is a narrow, sharp process

spine

_________ is a small rounded process

tubercle

_________ is a rough area where the muscle attaches

tuberosity

_________ is a round hole that allows nerves through

foramen

_________ is a tunnel

canal

_________ is a narrow slit

fissure

_________ is a cavity inside

sinus

tissues:

groups of similar cells that work together to perform function

histology

study of tissues

pathology

how tissues are altered due to disease

epithelial tissue

high number of cells packed together

squamous

flat

cuboidal

square shaped

columnar

rectangular

simple

single layer

stratified

multiple layers

connective tissue

supports and protects

muscle tissue

movement

nervous tissue

transmit and process info in electrical signals

skeletal muscle

parallel rows good for contraction

exteroceptors

sense external stimuli

interoceptors

transmit info concerning internal conditions

nociceptors

pain receptors

neuron

single cell that specializes in communication via electrical impulses

cell body

contains nucleus and organelles

dendrites

receive information

axon

transmit information

axon hillock

connects cell body

axon terminals

converts electrical impulse to a chemical signal and passes information to the next cell in line

voltage

separation of charged particles

membrane potential

separate ions across a cell membrane

current

flow of charge particles

ion channels

allow ions to pass and flow to create a current

resistance

anything impeding flow

electrochemical gradient

driving force for ion flow produced by concentration gradient and electrical gradient

depolarization

any change in membrane voltage in the positive direction away from resting membrane voltage

hyperpolarization

any change in membrane voltage resulting in a voltage that is more negative than resting membrane voltage

chemically-gated ion channels

open to let ion flow

graded potential

changes in membrane potential due to neurotransmitters binding to chemically-gated channels

action potential

large and rapid change in membrane voltage that occurs on the axon of a neuron

threshold voltage

always less than resting voltage

voltage-gated ion channels

open and close when a specific membrane voltage is reached

repolarization

positive charge leaves cell and the inside becomes negative again

propagate

spread in particular direction

sodium-potassium pump

return to a cell to rest following a change in membrane potential by pumping 3 NA outside and 2 potassium into cell

EEG

method for studying the electrical activity of the brain

alpha waves

relaxation

beta waves

concentration

frequency

number of waves per second

amplitude

height of the wave

efferent neurons

transmit information

NMJ

synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle cell

ACh

neurotransmitter

all-or-none law

muscle cells with respond all or none regardless of stimulus strength

twitch

if the stimulus is above threshold

voltage-gated calcium channels

When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron, these ion channels open

exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

synaptic cleft

extracellular space

endocytosis

motor neuron takes the ACh and recycle it via this

sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

protein-protein interactions that allow the thick and thin filaments to slide past one another

ringer's solution

isotonic salt solution

tubocurarine

block ACh gated NA channels on muscle cells and functions as a paralytic

olfactory

1. smell - sensory

optic

2. vision - sensory

oculomotor

3. eye - motor

trochlear

4. eye - motor

trigeminal

5. chewing - both

abducens

6. eye - motor

facial

7. facial expression - both

vestibulochlear

8, hearing and balance - sensory

glossopharyngeal

9. swallowing and gagging - both

vagus

10. vitals/swallowing - both

accessory

11. neck motor control - motor

hypoglossal

12. tongue motor control - motor