How far was Britain in control, 1914-20

What strengthened British control in 1914

Military power
Civil service
Princely states alliances
Cooperations from Indians

Why was the Indian army important to British control

Provided military resources Britain needed to maintain authority

How did princely states help Britain maintain control

Many rulers retained their positions under British paramountcy and cooperated with the Raj

How did the First World War challenge British control

Indian sacrifices raised expectations of reform, while inflation and hardship increased resentment

How did the Rowlatt acts of 1919 demonstrate continuing British power

They extended emergency powers and allowed repression of suspected revolutionary activity.

Why did the Rowlatt Acts damage British legitimacy

Many Indians considered it unjust to retain repressive wartime powers after the war

What happened at Amritsar on the 13th of April 1919

Dyer ordered troops to fire at a crowd at Jalianwala Bagh

What was the British official death toll of the war

379
Indian estimates were higher

How did the Amritsar Massacre affect Indian Nationalism

It damaged trust in British rule and strengthened opposition

How did Rabindranath Tagore respond to the massacre

He renounced his knighthood in protest

How did the massacre affect Gandhi’s attitude towards British rule

It strengthened his opposition and he also returned medals he had recieved for earlier service

How did the Lucknow Pact challenge British Control

It brought Congress and the Muslim league together to demand constitutional reforms

How did the Home Rule Leagues challenge British control

They spread nationalist ideas and increased organised demands for self-government

Why was Gandhi’s methods make opposition more difficult to contain

Mass non-violent campaigns could mobilise people beyond established political elites

What is the strongest argument that Britain remained control by 1920

The Raj still controlled the armed forces, central government and major institutions

What is the strongest argument that British control was weakening

Nationalism become more organised, cooperation broadened and repressive actions damaged public trust

What is the overall judgement on British control 1914-20

Britain retained practical control, but maintaining Indian cooperation and political legitimacy became increasingly difficult.