History Exam 01

I am ULTRA COOKED

Primary Source

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• Definition: An immediate, first-hand account or original document created by someone who directly witnessed or experienced an event.

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Secondary Source

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• Definition: A document or work that analyzes, interprets, evaluates, or summarizes information original to primary sources.

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nomads

Group of people wandering with no place to settle down

Stonehenge (england)

Definition: A prehistoric megalithic monument on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, consisting of a outer ring of vertical standing stones topped by horizontal lintels.

Ötzi the Iceman

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• Definition: A naturally preserved 5,300-year-old mummy discovered in 1991 in the Ötztal Alps on the border between Austria and Italy.

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Herodotus (greek)

• Definition: An ancient Greek historian often referred to as the "Father of History."

• Key Details: Lived during the 5th century BCE and wrote The Histories, a detailed account of the Greco-Persian Wars.

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Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)

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• Definition: The earliest period of human history, lasting from roughly 2.5 million years ago until around 10,000 BCE, characterized by the use of crude stone tools.

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Neolithic age

The point in time where humans started living in villiges

Jericho (Jordan)

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• Definition: One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, located near the Jordan River in the West Bank.

• Key Features: Famous for its early Neolithic settlements (dating back to around 9000 BCE) and massive stone protective walls and towers.

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Four River Valley Civilizations:

1. Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers)

2. Ancient Egypt (Nile River)

3. Indus Valley Civilization (Indus River)

4. Yellow River Civilization (Huang He / Yellow River)

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4. Yellow River Civilization (Huang He / Yellow River)

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• Location: Northern China.

• Key Features: Cradle of Chinese civilization; developed early Xia and Shang dynasties, oracle bone script, silk production, and intensive farming along fertile loess soils.

3. Indus Valley Civilization (Indus River)

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• Location: Modern-day Pakistan and Northwest India.

• Key Features: Also known as the Harappan civilization; known for advanced urban planning, grid-like streets, standardized brick sizes, and sophisticated drainage systems.

2. Ancient Egypt (Nile River)

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• Location: Northeastern Africa.

• Key Features: Famous for pharaohs, pyramids, hieroglyphics, and reliance on the predictable annual flooding of the Nile for agriculture.

1. Mesopotamia (Tigris and Euphrates Rivers)

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• Location: Modern-day Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait (The Fertile Crescent).

• Key Features: Home to the Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians; developed cuneiform writing, ziggurats, and Hammurabi's Code.

Semitic (or Semitic Languages / Peoples)

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• Definition: A language family and historical group of peoples native to the Near East (Middle East), including modern and ancient groups who spoke related Afroasiatic languages.

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who spoke semetic

• Key Examples: Ancient groups like the Akkadians, Canaanites, Phoenicians, Hebrews, and Babylonians, as well as modern speakers of Arabic, Hebrew, and Amharic.

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Sumer / Sumerians

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• Definition: The earliest known urban civilization in historical Mesopotamia (modern-day southern Iraq), emerging around 4500–4000 BCE.

• Key Achievements: Invented cuneiform (one of the earliest writing systems), the wheel, the plow, complex irrigation systems, and the base-60 numerical system (which gives us 60-minute hours).

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ziggurats (Egypt)

iconic stepped temple towers for worshiping many gods.

Sargon of Akkad (Sargon the Great) (akkad)

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• Definition: The ancient Semitic king who founded the Akkadian Empire, the world's first known multinational empire (around 2334–2279 BCE).

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who did sargon conquer (Sumer)

Sumerian city-states and united all of southern Mesopotamia under a centralized rule.

Ebla tablets (Ebla)

• Definition: A collection of roughly 18,000 intact clay tablets and fragments discovered in the mid-1970s at the ancient city of Ebla (modern-day Syria).

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Babylon / Babylonia

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• Definition: An ancient Akkadian-speaking empire and major cultural region based in central-southern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq).

• Historical Significance: Served as a major intellectual, architectural, and political hub of the ancient world; known for advances in law, astronomy, and mathematics.

King Hammurabi

creator of Hammurabi's Code

King Nebuchadnezzar II (Babylon)

who built the Ishtar Gate and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon).

Polytheists

• Definition: People or cultures that believe in and worship multiple gods or deities.

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Code of hammarabi says what?

• Key Principles: Famous for the principle of "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" (lex talionis), meaning punishments were scaled to match the severity of the crime.

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Cuneiform Writing (sumer)

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• Definition: A system of writing developed by the ancient Sumerians around 3200 BCE, using a wedge-shaped reed stylus to press symbols into wet clay tablets.

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hyskos (Northern Egypt)

Acient middle east, tuled northern egypt.

Enlil (Mesopotamian)

• Definition: One of the supreme deities in ancient Mesopotamian religion (Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian mythology).

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Enlil is the god of what?

God of God of wind, air, earth, and storms;

Marduk (Babylon)

• Definition: The patron deity of ancient Babylon who rose to become the head of the Mesopotamian pantheon during the Babylonian Empire.

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Uruk (City) (mesopotamia)

• Definition: An ancient Sumerian city located in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that was one of the world's earliest major urban centers.

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Semites

• Definition: A historical term used to refer to peoples who spoke Semitic languages (derived from the biblical name Shem, son of Noah).

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Epic of Gilgamesh

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• Definition: An ancient Mesopotamian epic poem, widely considered the world's oldest surviving major work of literature.

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NIle river

Egypt could not live without this river

King Menes (Egyptian)

• Definition: The legendary ancient Egyptian pharaoh traditionally credited with unifying Upper and Lower Egypt around 3100 BCE.

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Osiris (Egyptian)

• Definition: The ancient Egyptian god of the underworld, the afterlife, resurrection, and agriculture.

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Amon-Ra (Amun-Ra)—Egyptian

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• Definition: The supreme deity of the Egyptian pantheon during the New Kingdom, formed by merging Amon (god of the wind and hidden power) with Ra (god of the sun).

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anubis—Egyptian

• Role & Attributes: Depicted as a black jackal or a man with a jackal head; guided souls of the deceased into the underworld and assisted Osiris during the "Weighing of the Heart" ceremony.

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Hyksos—- Lower (Northern) Egypt

• Definition: A group of West Semitic-speaking peoples from the Levant who invaded and took control of Lower (Northern) Egypt around 1650 BCE.

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ka

• Definition: In ancient Egyptian religious beliefs, the Ka was the spiritual double or "life force" of a person that survived physical death.

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Six Major Periods of Ancient Egyptian History

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Old Kingdom,——First Intermediate Period,——-Middle Kingdom,——-Second Intermediate Period——New Kingdom——Third Intermediate Period

old Kingdom

known as the "Age of the Pyramids,"

first intermediate period

A era of political fragmentation, civil war, and economic decline triggered by low Nile floods and weakened pharaonic power.

Middle Kingdom

era of High development egyptian culture

second intermediate period

• A period of division marked by the invasion and rule of the foreign Hyksos in Lower Egypt, who introduced advanced military technologies like the horse-drawn chariot.

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New Kingdom

The "Egyptian Empire" peak,

Third Intermediate Period

A period of gradual decline and political division, marked by rule under foreign dynasties (including Libyan and Kushite pharaohs) and eventual Assyrian invasions.

Akhenaten—-Egyptian

• Definition: An Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom) who radically transformed ancient Egyptian religion, art, and politics during his reign.

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Nefertiti queen—-Egyptian

• Definition: An ancient Egyptian queen of the 18th Dynasty and the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten.

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Ahmose—-Egyptian

• Definition: An Egyptian pharaoh who founded the 18th Dynasty and inaugurated the New Kingdom period.

• foundation for Egypt's Golden Age.

Aten (Aton)

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• istorical Significance: Formed the center of Atenism, one of the earliest recorded monotheistic or monolatrous religious systems in history; its worship abruptly ended following Akhenaten's death.

Hittites—-Battle of Kadesh

• Definition: An ancient Anatolian people who established a powerful empire centered in Hattusa (modern-day Turkey) during the Late Bronze Age.

• Key Achievements: Masters of iron metallurgy and heavy chariot warfare; famously fought the Egyptians (led by Ramses II) at the Battle of Kadesh, resulting in the world's first recorded peace treaty.

• Historical Significance: Formed a dominant empire that rivaled Egypt, Assyria, and Babylon, playing a key role in trade, diplomacy, and military technology across the Ancient Near East.

Anatolia

• Definition: A large peninsula in Western Asia that forms the majority of modern-day Turkey, situated between the Black Sea to the north and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

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Pankus—-Hittite

• Definition: The royal assembly or council of nobles in the ancient Hittite Kingdom.- decide whether the country went to war

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Ramses ll—-pharaoh

• Definition: A prominent pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty who ruled Egypt during the peak of its power in the New Kingdom period (c. 1279–1213 BCE).

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Ramses ll achevements

• Key Achievements: Expanded Egyptian territory, fought the Hittites at the famous Battle of Kadesh (leading to the world's first known peace treaty), and commissioned massive building projects, including the Abu Simbel temples and the Ramesseum.

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Battle of Kadesh (c. 1274 BCE)

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• Definition: A major clash fought near the city of Kadesh (modern-day Syria) between the Egyptian Empire, led by Pharaoh Ramses II, and the Hittite Empire, led by King Muwatalli II.

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result in the battle on kadesh

• ended in stalemate and eventually a peace treaty

Sea Peoples

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• Definition: A mysterious confederation of seafaring raiders from the Aegean and Mediterranean regions who attacked coastal cities across the Eastern Mediterranean around 1200–1100 BCE.

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hebrews—-Jewish

• Definition: An ancient Semitic-speaking people of the Near East, considered the ancestors of the Jewish people and the authors of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament).

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Libya—-Egypt

• Definition: The region located directly west of Egypt in North Africa, inhabited in antiquity by semi-nomadic tribes (such as the Libu and Meshwesh).

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Nubia—-Egypt

• Definition: An ancient region along the Nile River south of Egypt (located in present-day southern Egypt and northern Sudan), home to rich gold deposits and distinct civilizations like the Kingdom of Kush.

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Ethiopia—-Egypt

• Definition: A region south of Egypt historically referenced in classical Greek and biblical texts (often broadly encompassing the lands south of Egypt, including ancient Nubia/Kush).

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Philistines

Renowned for their advanced ironworking technology and military organization; their name serves as the geographical root for the term "Palestine."

Judaism—Jewish

• Definition: The ancient monotheistic religion of the Jewish people, originating in the Middle East during the Bronze Age.

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King saul—-hebrew

King of hebrew

King solomon—-Israel

• Definition: The third king of the United Kingdom of Israel, son and successor of King David, who ruled during the 10th century BCE.

• Key Achievements: Famous for his immense wisdom, wealth, and monumental construction projects—most notably building the First Temple in Jerusalem (Solomon's Temple).

• Historical Significance: Under his reign, Israel reached its peak of political power, economic prosperity, and territorial extent; however, his heavy taxation and forced labor contributed to the kingdom splitting into Israel (North) and Judah (South) after his death.

Nomads

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• Definition: Communities or groups of people who do not reside in a single permanent settlement, but instead move periodically from place to place.

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Kingdom of Israel

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• Definition: An ancient Israelite kingdom in the Levant region of the Near East, initially established as a unified state and later existing as the northern of two successor kingdoms.

• Key Context: Originally formed under Saul, David, and Solomon (United Monarchy); after Solomon's death, internal strife split the realm into the northern Kingdom of Israel (capital at Samaria) and the southern Kingdom of Judah (capital at Jerusalem).

• Historical Significance: Placed at a critical geopolitical crossroads between major regional empires; it eventually fell to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 722 BCE, resulting in the deportation and dispersion of its population (the "Ten Lost Tribes").

Kingdom of Judah—-Israelite

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• Definition: An ancient Israelite kingdom located in the southern Levant, established after the United Monarchy split following the death of King Solomon (c. 930 BCE).

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Phoenicians

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• efinition: An ancient Semitic seafaring civilization originating in the coastal region of the Levant (modern-day Lebanon, coastal Syria, and northern Israel).

• Key Achievements: Master maritime traders, shipbuilders, and navigators who established major colonies across the Mediterranean basin, including Carthage; famously known for their production of rare Tyrian purple dye.

• Historical Significance: Created the Phoenician alphabet, the world's first widespread phonetic alphabet, which served as the direct ancestor to the Greek, Latin, Cyrillic, and modern Western writing

assyria/ans—-Mesopotamia

militaristic

• Definition: An ancient Semitic-speaking people from northern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) who built one of the largest and most powerful empires of the ancient Near East.

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Tiglath-Pileser III—-Assyrian

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Definition: A prominent king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

medes—-Iranian

• Definition: An ancient Iranian people who inhabited the mountainous northwestern region of modern-day Iran (Media) and established a powerful empire in the 7th century BCE.

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Cyrus the Great—-Achaemenid

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• Definition: The founder of the Achaemenid Empire (the First Persian Empire) who ruled from 559 to 530 BCE.

• Key Achievements: Conquered the Median, Lydian, and Neo-Babylonian Empires, creating the largest empire the ancient world had seen up to that time; established the capital city of Pasargadae.

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persian king(conquored babylon)

who is the leader of persia —-Persians

Cyrus the great

Ahura Mazda—-Persia

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• Overview: The supreme god and creator deity in Zoroastrianism, the primary religion of ancient Persia.

• Key Concept: Represented pure goodness, truth, light, and order, standing in eternal conflict against Ahriman (Angra Mainyu), the spirit of evil, darkness, and chaos.

• Historical Context: Heavily promoted by Persian emperors like Darius I, who claimed his divine right to rule came directly from Ahura Mazda.

• Significance: Marked one of history's earliest developments of dualism and cosmic monotheism, which influenced later Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam).

Magi—-Persia

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• Overview: The priestly class or hereditary caste in ancient Persia, responsible for performing religious rituals, interpreting omens, and preserving sacred traditions.

• Role in Persian Society: Served as key advisors to Persian kings, maintaining the religious customs and practices of Zoroastrianism.

• Specializations: Famous across the ancient Mediterranean for their knowledge of astrology, medicine, and spiritual divination.

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Zarathustra (Zoroaster)—-Persian

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• Overview: An ancient Persian prophet and religious reformer who founded Zoroastrianism around the 10th to 6th century B.C.E.

• Core Teaching: Taught that the universe is a cosmic battleground between good (led by the supreme deity Ahura Mazda) and evil (led by Ahriman).

Cambyses II—-Persian

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• Overview: Persian king (reigned 530–522 B.C.E.) of the Achaemenid Empire and the son of Cyrus the Great.

• Major Achievement: Best known for conquering Egypt in 525 B.C.E. at the Battle of Pelusium, bringing Egypt under Persian rule for the first time and expanding the empire into North Africa.

Darius I (Darius the Great)—-Achaemenid

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• Overview: Third king of the Achaemenid Empire (reigned 522–486 B.C.E.) who brought the Persian Empire to its military, administrative, and economic peak.

• Key Achievements:

  • Administrative Reforms: Divided the massive empire into 20 provinces ruled by satraps, establishing a standardized tax system and uniform silver/gold currency (the daric).

  • Infrastructure: Expanded the Royal Road network and built a canal connecting the Red Sea to the Nile River.

what inspired Alexander the great

Greek culture

Sarrisia

a long spear that the army of alexander the great used

What did Alexander do the the places he conquored?

He did not rule them

Ptolemy—-Egypt

Related to cleopatra, became the ruler of Egypt after Alexander’s death and founded the Ptolemaic Kingdom.

Xerxes I (Xerxes the Great)—-Persian

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• Overview: Persian king (reigned 486–465 B.C.E.) of the Achaemenid Empire and son of Darius I.

• Major Conflict: Best known for launching the Second Persian Invasion of Greece in 480 B.C.E. to avenge his father's defeat at Marathon.

• Key Events:

  • Battle of Thermopylae: Defeated King Leonidas and the 300 Spartans after a famous defense of the narrow pass.

  • Sack of Athens: Captured and burned Athens, including the Acropolis.

  • Battle of Salamis: Suffered a catastrophic naval defeat against the Greek fleet, turning the tide of the war in Greece's favor.

• Legacy: His failure to conquer Greece marked the beginning of the gradual decline of the Achaemenid Empire's expansion.

Satrap / Satrapy

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• Role & Power: Satraps were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining order, managing local military forces, and administering justice within their region.

• Imperial Control: To prevent satraps from rebelling or gaining too much power, Persian kings (like Darius I) appointed military commanders and imperial inspectors (known as the "Eyes and Ears of the King") to report on them independently.

• Significance: Allowed the massive Achaemenid Empire to rule dozens of diverse cultures efficiently while granting local populations a degree of autonomy.

• Hellenic =—-Greek

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• Purely classical Greek (poleis like Athens and Sparta).

• Hellenistic = "—-Greek

• Greek-like" hybrid culture across large imperial kingdoms (Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Empire).

• Hellas:—-Greek

• The native Greek name for Greece.

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Mycenae / Mycenaeans—-Greek

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• Overview: The first advanced Greek civilization on mainland Greece (flourished c. 1600–1100 B.C.E., Late Bronze Age), known for its militaristic society, fortified citadel cities, and powerful warrior kings.

• Key City & Architecture: Mycenae was their primary fortress city, famous for its massive stone fortification walls (called "Cyclopean masonry") and the iconic Lion Gate entrance.

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Heinrich Schlieman—-German

• Overview: A wealthy 19th-century German businessman turned amateur archaeologist who pioneered the field of Aegean archaeology.

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sir authur evans—- British

• Overview: A famous British archaeologist best known for unearthing the Bronze Age civilization on the island of Crete, which he named the Minoan civilization (after the mythical King Minos).

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Minos / Minoans—-Crete

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Overview: The first major European civilization, which flourished on the island of Crete during the Bronze Age (c. 2000–1450 B.C.E.), known for its peaceful, trade-oriented, and artistically rich culture.

King Minos—-Greek

The legendary king of Crete in Greek mythology, famous for keeping the Minotaur in a subterranean maze (the Labyrinth).

Knossos—-Minoans

was Minoans massive central palace complex, featuring advanced plumbing,

Homer—-Greek

• verview: A legendary ancient Greek epic poet (c. 8th century B.C.E.) traditionally credited with composing two foundational works of Western literature: the Iliad and the Odyssey.

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Iliad—-Greek

Tells the story of the Trojan War, focusing on the wrath of Achilles and themes of heroism, honor, and fate. by homer

Odyssey—-Greek

story bout the 10-year journey of the Greek hero Odysseus returning home to Ithaca after the fall of Troy. made by homer