AP Bio unit 1

AP Biology – Unit 1 Biochemistry Objectives

Chapter 2-5

Learning Intention:

I have learned the chemical foundations of life by explaining how atoms and molecules interact, how water supports biological systems, and how monomers bond to form polymers, which determine their structure and function within organisms.

Objectives:

The Chemical Context of Life

Success Criteria: I can explain how bonding properties, the elements found in living organisms, and molecular structure affect reactivity and properties of molecules.

Bonding – Know the 3 major types of bonding and how the atoms change or properties change during each.

Explain Ionic Bonds and ionization

Explain Covalent Bonds

What does it mean to be polar or nonpolar

How are bonds signified when diagramed? – single vs double bond

What is a hydrogen bond?

Name 3 significant factors of hydrogen bonding in organisms.

Elements found in living organisms

Explain why carbon is the center of organic molecules.

Identify the major elements found in living organisms: CHONPS

Interaction of molecules - Describe the chemical reactions that build and break biological macromolecules.

Explain hydrolysis and how water is used to decompose organic molecules

Explain dehydration and how water is involved in the synthesis of organic molecules

Explain how biological systems use reversible reactions to maintain homeostasis of the organisms. Specifically explain the reversible reaction associated with carbon dioxide and water.

Explain oxidation-reduction reactions and how to recognize these reactions in biology. What is moving and what element will be connected?

Define Catabolic, Anabolic, and Metabolic Reactions

Water and Life

Success Criteria: I can explain the properties of water that result from its polarity and how hydrogen bonding affects its biological function.

Water

Explain how hydrogen bonds impact the following water properties

Changing temperature and phase changes in water

Explain how water acts as a Temperature Moderator, and how this contributes to the climate associated with water sources.

Explain the heat of Vaporization and how this relates to cooling during evaporative cooling after perspiration.

Explain expansion when water cools and freezes, and how does this relate to cells and ecosystems?

Explain how the high specific heat of water contributes to maintaining body temperature.

Explain how the polarity of water allows water to act as the solvent of life

Explain how the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of molecules impact solubility.

How do other polar molecules interact with water, forming a hydration shell to dissolve?

Explain how the polarity of water contributes to the attraction of water molecules to other water and other polar molecules, including:

Cohesion (surface tension and capillary action) - give an example.

Adhesion (capillary action) - how does this contribute to water movement in plants and transpiration?

In science, we often use water as the solvent when making aqueous solutions. Explain how you would calculate and make a 1 M solution of glucose.

Explain how to make a 1 molar solution of glucose or any organic molecule.

Explain how ions occur in organisms, how they interact with the cell, how specific ions can contribute to pH of the cell.

What is salt? What type of bond is used to form salts?

When salts enter organisms what happens?

What do we call the end result?

Acid / Base – Be able to explain the pH scale and how acids and bases are formed in a solution

How much does each unit on the pH scale represent?

Understand the logarithmic scale associated with pH.

What causes an acid to be formed? What ion is in higher concentration?

What causes a base to be formed? What ion is in higher concentration?

Explain pH buffers (acidosis, alkalosis)

How does the increase in CO2 dissolved in liquid contribute to changes in pH? Be able to write out and explain the reaction associated.

How does an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere impact the acidity of the water (ocean) on the Earth?

How does this impact the ability for sea organisms to create Calcium carbonate for shells and coral building?

Carbon and the Macromolecules of Life

Success Criteria: I can identify the monomer and polymer of each major organic molecule, explain the elements in each molecule, and describe their major biological functions.

Organic Substance: review of the foundations of organic molecules

What are the 7 functional groups discussed in class, and what are their reactivity and properties in organisms?

Explain and shape, and the structure of biological molecules impacts their function, including: Structural Isomers, cis-trans (geometric) isomers, and Enantiomers.

Describe/draw the structure of the ATP molecule. Explain the stability of this molecule.

What is a monomer and a polymer?

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Success Criteria: I can explain how the elements of life are used to build biological molecules, how these macromolecules are structured and function within the organism, and how the elements are transferred throughout the living system.

Elements of Life: Explain how the elements of life are obtained by organisms (both autotrophic and heterotrophic), and recycled throughout the ecosystem. Note: this is a recurring theme across units, so you will build your knowledge throughout the year.

Carbohydrates

Explain how a carbohydrate could be represented by (CH2O)n.

Explain the primary structure of a carbohydrate – How would you identify this in molecular structure?

What is a saccharide?

Identify carbohydrates that are in a 5 Carbon ring and a 6 Carbon ring.

Identify the primary function of Carbohydrates within the cell.

Identify the type of carbohydrate that is used for storage in animals and plants (different).

What type of carbohydrate is found in plant cell walls (we call this fiber in nutrition).

Lipids

Identify the primary function within the cell.

Identify the primary structure

Lipids are nonpolar, how is this significant to a cell?

Identify the different forms of lipids and their functions.

Draw or explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids.

How would this impact the structure of the cell membrane?

Explain how you would identify a lipid molecule, including a steroid (cholesterol) and a phospholipid.

Proteins

Identify the primary functions within the cell.

Explain how a protein is constructed through Transcription and Translation – Briefly.

What is an amino acid, and what is its structure?

How are peptide bonds formed? Reaction type?

Identify and describe the 4 levels of protein structure/shaping.

What does it mean to denature a protein? How does that affect both structure and function?

What might cause a protein to denature?

Explain a glycoprotein and how they function within a cell.

Explain how you would identify a protein molecule – what do you look for?