Ch:30 Respiratory Tract Infections and Neoplasms Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards focusing on respiratory tract infections, pneumonia classifications, tuberculosis, and primary lung neoplasms based on Chapter 30 lecture notes.

Upper Respiratory Tract

The region of the respiratory system consisting of the nose, oropharynx, and larynx.

Lower Respiratory Tract

The region of the respiratory system consisting of the lower airways and lungs.

Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1

The receptor molecule bound by viruses to move from the nasal cavity to the upper airways.

Common Cold

A viral upper respiratory infection lasting about 7 days with an incubation period of 2 days, most commonly caused by rhinoviruses.

Rhinoviruses

The most common viral cause of the common cold.

Portals of Entry for Common Cold Viruses

The nasal mucosa and the conjunctival surface of the eyes.

Greatest Source of Spread for Common Cold

Fingers, which transfer the virus to the nasal mucosa or conjunctival surfaces.

Rhinosinusitis

Inflammation of the sinuses, most commonly caused by conditions that obstruct the narrow ostia draining the sinuses.

Orthomyxoviridae

The family of viruses responsible for causing influenza.

Influenza A

A type of influenza virus capable of infecting multiple species (including avian and mammalian) and categorized into HA and NA subtypes.

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase

Surface proteins (HA and NA) on Influenza A that allow virus entry into epithelial cells and viral replication from the cell.

Transmission of Influenza

Inhalation of droplet nuclei, rather than contact with contaminated objects.

Incubation Period of Influenza

1 to 4 days.

Infectious Period of Influenza

Begins 1 day before symptoms appear and remains infectious for about 1 week.

Rhinotracheitis

An uncomplicated upper respiratory infection caused by the influenza virus.

Pathogenesis of Influenza Infection

Viral destruction of mucous-secreting, ciliated, and epithelial cells, leaving holes between basal cells that allow extracellular fluid to escape.

Factors Affecting Severity of Respiratory Infections

The function of the structure involved, the severity of the infectious process, and the person's age and general health status.

Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine

An influenza vaccine developed in the 1940s and administered by injection.

Live, Attenuated Influenza Vaccine

An influenza vaccine approved in 2003 and administered intranasally.

Pneumonia

Respiratory disorders involving inflammation of the parenchymal structures of the lungs, specifically the alveoli and bronchioles.

Noninfectious Etiologic Agents of Pneumonia

Inhalation of irritant fumes and aspiration of gastric secretions into the lungs.

Typical Pneumonias

Pneumonias resulting from bacterial infections where organisms multiply extracellularly in the alveoli, causing inflammation and fluid exudation.

Atypical Pneumonias

Pneumonias caused by viral and Mycoplasma infections involving the alveolar septum and lung interstitium, producing less conspicuous symptoms.

Lobar Pneumonia

A classification of acute bacterial pneumonia characterized by consolidation of a part or all of a lung lobe.

Bronchopneumonia

A classification of acute bacterial pneumonia characterized by patchy consolidation involving more than one lung lobe.

Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Pneumonia contracted in the community outside of a hospital or nursing home, commonly caused by influenza virus, RSV, adenovirus, or parainfluenza virus.

Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

Pneumonia not present on admission to a healthcare center, associated with a mortality rate of 30% to 50%.

Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

Airway instrumentation, compromised immune function, and chronic lung disease.

Bacterial Causes of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter species, Klebsiella species, Escherichia coli, and Serratia species.

Predisposing Factors for Lower Respiratory Colonization

Loss of cough reflex, damage to the ciliated endothelium lining the respiratory tract, or compromised immune defenses.

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

The most common cause of bacterial pneumonia, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A gram-positive diplococcus that serves as the most common etiologic agent of bacterial pneumonia.

Legionnaire's Disease

A form of bronchopneumonia caused by the gram-negative rod Legionella pneumophila.

Legionella pneumophila Transmission

Inhalation or aspiration of aerosolized water containing the pathogen (e.g., from air conditioners), not spread person-to-person.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A slender, rod-shaped, aerobic, non-spore-forming bacterium with a waxy outer capsule that functions as an acid-fast bacillus.

Acid-Fast Bacilli

Organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis whose outer waxy capsule resists decolorization by acid during staining.

Primary Target Cell of Tuberculosis Infection

Macrophages, which are infected by M. tuberculosis, leading to parenchymal destruction.

Ghon Focus

A gray-white granulomatous lesion formed by a cell-mediated immune response, containing tubercle bacilli, modified macrophages, and other immune cells.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis

Human tuberculosis spread as an airborne infection via minute droplet nuclei harbored in respiratory secretions.

Bovine Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis acquired by drinking milk from infected cows, which initially affects the gastrointestinal tract.

Purified Protein Derivative

An antigen used in the tuberculin skin test to detect cell-mediated immune hypersensitivity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Positive Tuberculin Skin Test

Indicates that a person has mounted a cell-mediated immune response to M. tuberculosis exposure, but does not mean active tuberculosis is present.

Primary Cause of Lung Cancer

Cigarette smoking, which accounts for more than 80% of lung cancer cases.

Primary Lung Carcinomas

Carcinomas arising directly from lung tissue, representing 95% of primary lung tumors.

Non-Carcinoma Primary Lung Tumors

Tumors constituting 5% of primary lung cancers, including neuroendocrine tumors, fibrosarcomas, and lymphomas.

Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma

A lung carcinoma (25% to 40%) closely related to smoking that originates in the central bronchi and occurs mostly in men.

Adenocarcinoma of the Lung

The most common type of lung cancer in North America (20% to 40%), originating in bronchiolar or alveolar tissue, common in women and non-smokers.

Small Cell Carcinoma

A highly malignant lung cancer (20% to 25%) with small round-to-oval cells, strongly associated with smoking, rarely resectable, and prone to early brain metastasis.

Large Cell Carcinoma

A lung carcinoma (10% to 15%) consisting of large polygonal cells originating in the periphery of the lung, which spreads early and carries a poor prognosis.

Paraneoplastic Manifestations

Nonmetastatic effects of lung cancer affecting endocrine, neurologic, and connective tissue functions.

Nonspecific Symptoms of Lung Cancer

Systemic clinical manifestations such as anorexia and weight loss.

Microorganism Shift in Infectious Pneumonia

A trend showing a decrease in Streptococcus pneumoniae and an increase in Pseudomonas, Candida/fungi, and non-specific viruses.

Types of Influenza Viruses

Type A, Type B, and Type C.

Etiology of Rhinosinusitis Mucosal Damage

Viral upper respiratory infection causing mucosal swelling, ostia obstruction, and impaired mucociliary clearance.

Diagnosis of Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Evaluated through patient history, chest x-ray, and physical examination.

High Risk Demographic for Influenza Complications

Individuals over 65 years of age, who experience the highest rates of serious illness and death.

Environmental Risk Factor for Tuberculosis Transmission

Living under crowded and confined conditions, which increases exposure to airborne droplet nuclei.

Post-Influenza Bacterial Superinfection

A complication where an upper respiratory viral infection damages ciliated epithelial cells, predisposing the lower airways to secondary bacterial infection.

Primary Site of Cancer Metastasis

The lung, which frequently serves as a secondary site of metastasis from other primary cancers.

Common Cold Viral Causes

Rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), corona viruses, and adenoviruses.