RBC morphology

 What is the most numerous cell type in the body of a cow?

Erythrocyte

What is the third maturation stage of a RBC?

Rubricyte

What species has the most central pallor?

Dogs

What species has the largest Erythrocyte? Smallest?

Dogs, Goats

What is the percentage of hemoglobin contained in each RBC?

1/3

What does Discocyte mean?

Normal RBC shape ciruclar and biconcave and central pallor

What word would you use to describe this RBC?

Discocyte

What is the word for variation in shape in RBC’s?

Poikilocytosis

When could you say an animal has Poikilocytosis?

When more than 10% of RBC’s are weird shapes

What does Poikilocytosis mean?

Variability shaped RBC’s

Who is Poikilocytosis normal in?

Newborn animals (especially ruminants)

What are some causes of Poikilocytosis?

a physiologic response

cell damage

infectious organism

artifact

can be normal (goat)

What does Anisocytosis mean?

Varying cell sizes present

What is it called when RBS’s are larger than normal?

Macrocytes

What is it called when RBS’s are smaller than normal?

Microcytes

When are Macrocytes seen?

immature RBCs(=regenerative response)

                       - cell maturation disorders

Where are Microcytes seen?

RBC nutrient deficiencies (iron)

- conditions that remove bits of RBCs like Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA)

What do we call RBC’s that are a normal size?

Normocytes

What do we call a RBC with a basophilia (blue coloration) is?

Polychromatic

What do you call several Polychromatic RBC’s

Polychromasia

What does Polychromasia indicate?

Indicates regeneration

What are the darker blue cells indicating?

Polychromasia

What are the darker blue cells indicating?

Polychromasia

What is it called when RBC’s are stacked in a linear arrangegment?

Rouleaux

What causes Rouleaux in RBC’s?

Less negatively charged cell membrane

When do we see Rouleaux?

slow drying blood

inflammatory disease

fibrinogen, immunoglobulins

what species is Rouleaux more normal in?

Horses, Cats

What is it called when RBC’s cluster together like grapes?

Agglutination

What causes Agglutination in RBC’s?

RBCs are coated with antibodies causing RBCs to stick together.

What is this an example of?

Agglutination

What would you call these RBC’s?

Acanthocytes

What would you call a RBC with multiple, irregularly-spaced, rounded or

club-like projections over the entire surface of the cell?

Acanthocytes

What causes Acanthocytes?

changes in RBC membrane lipids

What would you call these RBC’s?

Crenated Cells/Echinocytes

What can cause Crenated Cells/Echinocytes?

Artifact – common

too little blood in EDTA

too long in EDTA before making slide

slow drying

a hypertonic solution will draw fluid out of a RBC

 snake bite venom (dogs/horses)- rare

What would you call this RBC?

Burr Cell

What i the difference between a Burr cell and an Echincoyte?

Burr cells more oval

What disease process would we see Burr cells with?

Felines with hepatic lipidosis, canine renal disease, cell mambrane alterations

What would you call these RBC’s?

Target cell or Codocyte

Why would you see arget cell or Codocyte cells?

Young RBC’s, liver disease

What would you call these cells?

Stomatocyte

What do Stomatocytes cause?

RBC membrane permeability is increased and ions leak out

When would we see these Stomatocytes?

low numbers with liver disease, regenerative anemia

   high numbers with Alaskan Malamute chondrodystroph

What would you call a RBC with a alongate (slit) often curved centeral pale area resembling a mouth?

Stomatocyte

What are these RBC’s called?

Sphereocyte

What is the name for a RBC that is smaller, that has been partially phagocyotized?

Sphereocyte

What causes Sphereocyte?

  -*Immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) hallmark

  -splenic disorders

What is this RBC?

Schistocyte

What causes Schistocytes?

Mechanical or shearing trauma

What do we see Schistocyte’s with?

   DIC

   Hemangiosarcoma

   Vasculitis

   Heartworm Disease

 (when have fibrin strands in

   small vessels)

What are these RBC’s?

Schistocyte

What kind of RBC is this?

Elliptocyte or ovalocyte

What would you call an elliptical or val RBC?

Elliptocyte or ovalocyte

What RBC’s are the normal shape of camelid rbcs?

Elliptocyte or ovalocyte

What are these RBC forms?

Dacryocyte

Why do Dacryocytes exist?

Failure of a cell to resume normal shape after passing through capillary

What form of RBC is this?

Eccentrocyte or Blister cell

When would you see an Eccentrocyte or Blister cell?

When RBCs are exposed to oxidized hemoglobin with things like zinc, acetaminophen, onions, red maple leaves

What from of WBC is this?

Eccentrocyte or Blister cell

What form of RBC is this?

Keratocyte or helmet cell

What form of RBC is it when you see horn like projections on a RBC created when a small blister on the RBC’s surface popped?

Keratocyte or helmet cell

What are two things that cause Keratocyte or helmet cells?

Oxidative injury, mechanical injury

What species can Keratocyte or helmet cells be normal in?

Cats

What is this?

Nucleated red blood cell, metrarubricyte

What is it called when you see a RBC with a small, very dense nucleus and moderate amount of slightly blue cytoplasm?

Metarubricyte

What do metrarubricytes in circulation mean?

Regenetration

What are these called in cystoplasmic variation?

Heinz bodies

When would we see a Heinz body?

Oxidative toxicities : zinc, acetomedaphin, onion, red maple leaves

What is this cystoplasmic variation?

Howell Jolly body

When would we see Howell-Jolly body in cystoplasmic variation?

regenerative anemia, poor or no spleen

What is this called in cystoplasmic variation?

Basophilic stippling

When would we see Basophilic stippling in cystoplasmic variation?

Regenerative anemia, lead poisoning

What is this RBC morphology?

Sickle cell

What is this RBC morphology?

Torocytes

Would you need to report this to DVM or is it due to standard human error doing the staining?

Human error