A&P Chapter 1

what is anatomy?

study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

what is physiology?

study of the function of the body, how the body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities

what is the order of the levels of structural organization?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

what is the chemical level of structural organization?

atoms, molecules, organelles

what is the cellular level of structural organization?

a single cell, the basic structural and functional units of life

what is the tissue level of structural organization?

groups of similar cells that work together towards a specific function

example of the tissue level

blood, muscle tissues, nervous tissues

what is the organ level of structural organization?

two or more types of tissues working together

example of the organ level

blood vessel, heart, skin, brain

what is the organ system level of structural organization?

organs working closely together

example of the organ system level

cardiovascular system, nervous, system, digestive system

what is the organismal level of structural organization?

all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

what are the functions necessary for the maintenance of life?

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

what is the integumentary system?

skin, external body covering that protects tissue, synthesizes vitamin D, and has receptors and sweat/oil glands

what is the skeletal system?

framework that protects and supports body organs, muscles use to cause movement

what is the muscular system?

muscles allow movement, maintain posture, produce heat

what is the nervous system?

control system of the body, responds to changes and stimuli by activating appropriate muscles and glands

what is the endocrine system?

gland secreting hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism

what is the cardiovascular system?

blood vessels that transport blood, carries nutrients

what is the lymphatic system?

immunity, picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, disposes of debris, houses white blood cells

what is the respiratory system?

breathing, keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

what is the digestive system?

breaks food down

what is the urinary system?

eliminates nitrogenous wastes, filters excess fluid from tissues

what is the reproductive system?

testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones

what is homeostasis?

the condition of maintaining the body’s internal environment in a relative constant state

what is homeostatic imbalance?

anything that disturbs or alters the balance of the internal environment

what are the homeostatic control mechanisms that self-regulate and keep stable conditions?

receptor, control center, effector

how does the receptor maintain homeostasis?

monitors the environment and responds to stimuli by sending information to the control center

how does the control center maintain homeostasis?

determines the set point to maintain and sends output to fix changes to the effector

how does the effector maintain homeostasis?

carries out the control center response and sends feedback to shut off or speed up the response

what is negative feedback in homeostasis control? (see-saw)

the output shuts off the original effect of the stimuli or reduces it’s intensity, in the opposite direction

what is positive feedback in homeostasis control?

the initial response enhances the original stimuli and the response is accelerated, in the same direction