PSL 250 Exam 4

What are endocrine glands?

A collection of cells that produce and secrete chemicals/moleucles called hormones.

What are hormones?

They set things in motion, communicate with different cells in the body and alter thie activity.

What can hormones do?

Up-regulate or down-regulate the cell.

Where are hormones released?

Directly into the blood.

What are target cells?

Cells with a receptor for a specific hormone.

What is the difference in the nervous and endocrine system for communication method?

A nerve system causes a neurotransmitter release from a neuron into a synapic cleft vs. secretes hormones that are transported within the blood and distrubuted to target cells.

What is the difference in the nervous and endocrine system for target of stimulation?

Targets neurons, muscle, and gland cells vs. any cell in the body with a receptor for the hormone.

What is the difference in the nervous and endocrine system for the response time?

Very fast (milliseconds) vs. relatively slow (seconds to mintues to hours).

What is the difference in the nervous and endocrine system for range of effect?

Typically localized vs. typically widespread effects.

What is the difference in the nervous and endocrine system for duration of response?

Short term (terminates with removal of stimulus) vs. long lasting (may continue after stimulus is removed).

What is one general function of the endocrine system?

Regulating development, growth, and metabolism.

What is one general function of the endocrine system?

Maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume.

What is one general function of the endocrine system?

Controling digestive process.

What is one general function of the endocrine system?

Controling reproducive activity.

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume?

By regulating the amount of a specific substance.

What does anti-diuretic hormone do?

Regulate blood volume.

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Melatonin.

Where is the pineal gland located?

In the diencephalon.

What does the pineal gland regulate?

The sleep-wake cycle.

What does the pituitary gland secrete?

Growth hormone.

What is the shape of the pituitary?

Pea shaped.

What does the pituitary gland regulate?

The activity of many endocrine glands.

What is the general shape of the thyroid?

Butterfly shape.

Where is the thyroid located?

Just anterior to the treachea.

What hormone does the thyroid produce?

Thyroid hormone.

What is the parathyroid gland?

Several cluster of cells.

Where is the parathyroid located?

Posterior surface of the thyroid.

What hormone does the parathyroid gland produce?

Parathyroid hormone.

Where is the adrenal gland located?

Superior aspect of the kidneys.

What are the two regions of the adrenal glands?

Cortex and medulla.

What gland does the adrenal gland produce?

Cortisol and epinephrine.

What is the hypothalamus?

Master controller of the endocrine system.

What does the hypothalanus produce and release?

Inhubitating hormopnes/

What is the hypothalamus and pituitary gland called?

Hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

Endocrine cells are organized in two general ways: either as a single organ with only endocrine function or as cells housed in small clusters within organs that have some other primary functoin.

Ture.

For a cell to respond to a hormone it must have a receptor for that specific hormone.

True.

Comparted to the nervous system, the endocrine system

May have a longer lasting effect.

The parathyroid gland produces

Parathyroid hormone.

What is hormonal stimulation?

One hormone stimulates the production of release of another hormone.

What is an example of a hormonal stimulation?

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

Where is thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) produced and released?

Anterior pituitary gland.

What does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do?

Acts on the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormone.

What is humoral stimulation?

A signal in the blood that triggers the release of a hormone.

What is an example of a humoral stimulation?

High blood glucose/low blood glucose.

Where is the adrenal gland located?

On the superior aspect of the kidneys.

Where is the thyroid gland located.

On the anterior aspect of the trachea.

Thyroid stimulating hormone binds to the thyroid gland and triggers the relase of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland. This is an example of what tyoe of reflex regulation of hormone release>

Hormonal.

Are steroids lipid-soluble or water-soluble?

Lipid-soluble.

Can steroids cross the plasma membrane?

Yes, with a protein carrier.

Are biogenis Amines lipid-soluble or water-soluble?

Water-soluble.

Can biogenic amine cross the cell membrane?

No.

Where are receptors for biogneic amine?

On the cell surface.

What biogenic amine is different from the resT?

thyroid hormone.

Is thyroid lipid-soluble or water-solube?

Hot water soluble.

Are proteins lipid-soluble or water-soluble?

Water-soluble.

Where are receptors found for proteins?

On the cell surface.

What type of hormone is the most abundant?

Proteins.

What are examples of steroids?

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone.

What are examples of biogenic amines?

Norepinephrine, epinephrinem, thyroid hormone, melatonin.

What are examples of proteins?

Antidiuretic hormone, insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, erthropoietin.

What is up-regulation?

An increase in the number of hormone receptors making the call more sensitive to the hormone.

What is down-regulation?

A reduction of the number of receptors.

What is synergistic interactions?

Hormones working together to produce a greater effect.

What is an example of a synergistic effect?

Glucagon and cortisol working together.

What is a permissive interaction?

A first hormone allows the action of a second hormone.

What is an antagonistic interaction?

One hormone causes the opposite effect of another hormone.

What class of hormone is the most common?

Proteins.

What is local signaling?

Short-lived hormones that influence the cells within the local tissue from which they are produced.

What is one example of local signaling?

Paracrine: when a cell targets a nearby cell.

What is another example of local signaling?

Autocrine: a cell targets itself.

How does the liver eliminate hormones?

Enzymatically degrades hormones.

Where do all proein carriers hormones get eliminated?

In the liver.

How does the kidney eliminate hormones?

Excreted as a component of urine.

How does target cells eliminate hormones?

By getting uptaked into the target cell.

What is the average half-life of a water-soluble hormone?

A few mintues or hours.

What is the average half-life of a lipid-soluble hormone?

A lot longer.

What is one hormone the hypothalamus releases?

• gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH)

• corticotropin rleaseing hormone (CRH)

• thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

• prolactin RH

• growth hormone RH

What hormones does the anterior pituitary relase?

• FSH

• LH

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone

• theyroid stimualting hormone

• prolactin

• growth hormone

What % does the anterior pituiatary gland secrete?

75%

What % does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

25%

What hormone does gonadotropin releasing hormone relase?

FSH and LH

What hormone does corticotropin releasing hormone release?

Adrenocorticotropin hormone

What hormone does