PSY 210 Quiz 5 Study Guide

Self-understanding

The child's cognitive representation of self, the substance and content of the child's self-conceptions.

Emotional Regulation

An important aspect of development. Plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others.

Emotion-coaching parents

monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions

Emotion-dismissing parents

view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions

Heteronomous morality

The first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, occurring from approximately 4 to 7 years of age. Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.

Autonomous morality

The second stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, displayed by older children (about 10 years of age and older). The child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in judging an action, one should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences.

Parental influences on gender development

Fathers show more attention to their sons compared to their daughters.

Mothers socialize their daughters to be more obedient and responsible than their sons. They also place more restrictions on their daughter's autonomy.

Peer influences on gender development

• Boys' and girls' peer groups engage in different types of activities

• Groups of boys consistently pursue gender-typed activities

• Girls have intimate conversations

• Same-sex peer groups• Help children learn gender-appropriate behaviors

• Incorporate gender roles into their self-concept

Authoritarian parenting

a restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and to respect work and effort.

Authoritative parenting

A parenting style in which parents encourage their children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturant toward the child. Authoritative parenting is associated with children's social competence.

Neglectful parenting

A style of parenting in which the parent is very uninvolved in the child's life; it is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control.

Indulgent parenting

A style of parenting in which parents are highly involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them. Indulgent parenting is associated with children's social incompetence, especially a lack of self-control.

Child Maltreatment

intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age. Includes Physical, Sexual, and Emotional abuse and child neglect.

Punishment

Use of physical punishment is legal in every state in the United States. In a study of more than 11,000 U.S. parents, 80 percent of the parents reported spanking their children by the time they reached kindergarten.

Children of Divorce

Experience sleep problems, anxiety and depression within first two years

Tend to recover to pre-divorce levels of functions

40 percent of children born to married parents in the United States will experience their parents' divorce.

Siblings

80 percent of American children have one or more siblings. Emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy of the relationship, and variation of sibling relationships are important characteristics of sibling relationships.

Effects of working parents

Some studies have shown that children will ask their working parent to stop working or that work is negatively impacting their relationship with their children.

Effects of Divorce

-regression (clinginess)

-reunion fantasies, headaches, guilt, anger, powerlessness

-depression, acting out, withdrawal, pseudo-independence, skittishness toward relationships or opposite

-effects often delayed and resurface in children's own relationship