Exam 2: Motor Learning --> Lecture 09 The learning experience

learning is:

a change in the capability of a person to perform a skill that must be inferred from a relatively PERMANENT improvement in performance as a result of practice or experience

 Improvement

 Consistency

 Persistence

 Adaptability

Linear Curve

Negatively Accelerated Curve

Positively Accelerated Curve

S-Shaped Curve

In the S-Shaped Curve, What could cause performance plateau?

• slow improvement

• person has hit their physical capacity

Retention Test

I used to be able to do this thing; can I do it years later?

Transfer Test

ex. I know how to surf; can I use what I know and apply it to snowboarding?

Fitts and Posner’s Three Stage Mode

Verbal-Cognitive Stage

• Learner LISTENS and UNDERSTANDS

Motor (Associative) Stage

• The learner does what they're asked to do

Autonomous Stage

• The learner performs the task efficiently

Gentile’s Two Stage Model

• “Getting the Idea of the Movement”

• Fixation/Diversification

Learner at the Cognitive Stage

1. Introduced to a new motor skill

2. Develops an understanding of the movement’s requirements

3. Attempts numerous techniques and strategies: a trial-and-error approach

4. Reformulates past movement experiences in an effort to solve the current movement problem

5. Needs guidance to detect and correct errors

Learner at the Associative Stage

1. is committed to refining one particular movement pattern

2. Performs more consistently, with fewer errors

3. is better at detecting errors and developing strategies to eliminate them

4. Needs constructive practice experiences and effective feedback from practitioner

Learner at the Autonomous Stage

1. Can perform a skill proficiently

2. Can perform multiple tasks simultaneously

3. Performs consistently and confidently, with few errors

4. Can detect and correct those errors that are made

5. May become discouraged and unmotivated if proficiency comes slowly

   1. Practitioner serves as motivator

Fixation/Diversification Stage: FIXATION

• Closed skills—fixed, stable environment

  • Example: Shooting a free throw

Fixation/Diversification Stage: DIVERSIFICATION:

• Open skills—unpredictable environment

  • Example: Shooting a hockey puck from various angles and positions; golf putting

Declarative vs Procedural

Describes what to do (Can i repeat it back?)

• TELL ME

Declarative vs Procedural

Understand the STEPS of the process (Can I do it?)

• SHOW ME

Muscles Used: Co-Contraction

Keeps us stiff and protected

Freezing degrees of freedom

limiting movement to make a skill easier to control

Freeing degrees of freedom

allowing more joints and body parts to move and work together