Anatomy Chapter 1 Terms

Levels of Organization (smallest to largest)

subatomic particles, atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Anatomy

study of structure

Physiology

Study of function

Characteristics of Life

movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion

Movement

Change in position; motion

Responsiveness

reaction to a change

Growth

increases in body size; no change in shape

Reproduction

production of new organisms and new cells

Respiration

obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods

Digestion

Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used

Absorption

passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids

Circulation

movement of substances in body fluids

Assimilation

changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms

Excretion

removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

Requirements of an Organism

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

Homeostasis

the body's maintenance of a stable internal environment

Receptor

provides information about the stimuli

Control Center

tells what a particular value should be (includes a set point)

Effectors

elicit responses that change conditions in the internal environment

Cranial Cavity

contains the brain

Spinal Cavity/Vertebral Canal

contains the spinal cord

Dorsal Cavity

includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

Ventral Cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Thoracic Cavity

contains heart and lungs

Mediastinum

space between the lungs

Pleural Cavity

contains the lungs

Pericardial Cavity

contains the heart

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing

Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Abdominopelvic Cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

Visceral layer

covers an organ (like clothes)

Parietal layer

lines a cavity/body wall (like posters on a wall)

Visceral pleura

covers the lungs

Parietal pleura

lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

Visceral pericardium

covers the heart

Parietal pericardium

lines the pericardial cavity

Parietal Peritoneum

lines the abdominal cavity

Visceral Peritoneum

covers abdominal organs

Serous Membranes

Line body cavities that lack openings to the outside

Serous Fluid

lubricates the organs and allows them glide without friction

Integumentary System

Provides protection

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Provides structure

Consists of bones

Skeletal System

Muscular System

provides movement

consists of muscles, tendons, and ligaments

muscular system

Nervous System

Provides electrical communication

consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves

nervous system

Endocrine System

provides chemical communication

glands, ovaries, testicles, hormones

endocrine system

Cardiovascular system

Transports oxygen

Arteries, heart, veins, blood vessels

cardiovascular system

Lymphatic System

immune system (like TSA)

Lymph nodes and lymph vessels

lymphatic system

Digestive System

breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

consists of mouth, stomach, liver, intestines, etc

digestive system

Respiratory System

gas exchange

lungs, trachea

respiratory system

Urinary System

Waste removal

kidneys, bladder

urinary system

Reproductive System

Provides ability to reproduce

Male: Testicles, Female: Uterus

reproductive system

Anatomical Position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Cranial/Superior

relatively above something (up)

(i.e. head is superior/cranial to feet)

craniel/superior

Caudal/Inferior

relatively below something (down)

(i.e. feet are caudal/inferior to head)

caudal/inferior

Anterior/Ventral

toward the front

Posterior/Dorsal

toward the back

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Nearer to the trunk of the body

Distal

Farther from the trunk of the body

Superficial

on or near the surface

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

Abdominal region

abdomen

Antecubital region

elbow pit

Axillary region

armpit

Brachial region

bicep

Buccal region

cheek

Cervical region

neck

Digital region

fingers, toes

Femoral region

thigh

Inguinal region

where the abdomen meets thighs

Oral region

mouth

Orbital region

eyeballs

Patellar region

knee

Pubic region

genital

Thoracic region

chest

Umbilical region

belly button

Deltoid region

side of shoulder

Gluteal region

butt

Lumbar region

lower back

Occipital region

back of head

Popliteal region

knee pit

Scapular region

shoulder blade

Sural region

calf

Right Upper Quadrant

Liver, Right Kidney, Colon, Pancreas, Gallbladder

Right Lower Quadrant

cecum, appendix, right ovary and tube, right ureter, right spermatic cord